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. 2025 Jun 18;12(6):250435. doi: 10.1098/rsos.250435

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© 2025 The Authors.

Published by the Royal Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, which permits unrestricted use, provided the original author and source are credited.

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Comparisons of the palatine in select monstersaur taxa (A–D) and close outgroups (e, f).Anatomical abbreviation — Comparisons of the palatine in select monstersaur taxa (A–D) and close outgroups (E,F) in ventral view. (A) Line drawing of the left palatine of UMNH VP 16266 (holotype, Bolg amondol). (B) Line drawing of the left palatine of Gobiderma pulchrum, modified from [12]. (C) Left palatine of UF 153328 (Heloderma horridum). (D) Left palatine of IGM 3/196 (Estesia mongoliensis, modified from [6]). (E) Left palatine of ZPAL MgR-I/43 (holotype, Parviderma inexacta, modified from [2]). (F) Left palatine ZPAL MgR-I/72 (holotype, Saniwides mongoliensis, modified from [2]). Anatomical abbreviations: pta, pterygoid articulation; sof, suborbital fenestra; tr, palatine tooth row; vp, vomerine process.