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. 2025 Jun 18;12(6):250435. doi: 10.1098/rsos.250435

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© 2025 The Authors.

Published by the Royal Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, which permits unrestricted use, provided the original author and source are credited.

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Comparisons of cranial dermal sculpturing on monstersaurian specimens — Comparisons of cranial dermal sculpturing on monstersaurian specimens. (A) ‘Small pits, wide ridges’ osteoderm morphotype, as seen on partial right maxilla UMNH VP 16266.2 (Bolg amondol), DMNH EPV.132910 (cf. Palaeosaniwa canadensis). (B) ‘Small pits, narrow ridges’ osteoderm morphotype, as observed on partial right jugal UMNH VP 16266.2 (Bolg amondol). (C) ‘Interconnected pits’ osteoderm morphotype, as observed in DMNH EPV.134394.1, partial parietal (cf. Palaeosaniwa canadensis). (D) ‘Helodermatid’ osteoderm morphotype, observed on LACM 163852 (Heloderma horridum).