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. 2025 Jun 13;16:1605305. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2025.1605305

Table 3.

Effects of verbena officinalis on serum biochemical indices in growing ducks.

Serum biochemical parameters T1(CON) T2(2%V) T3(4%V)
TP (g/L) 50.44 ± 7.20 50.02 ± 5.87 54.96 ± 9.91
ALB (g/L) 14.76 ± 1.77 14.76 ± 0.94 14.94 ± 1.08
UA (μmol/L) 301.86 ± 26.60b 341.72 ± 84.68a 340.34 ± 67.64a
UREA (mmol/L) 1.65 ± 0.25 1.78 ± 0.35 1.91 ± 0.46
Glucose (mmol) 8.27 ± 2.10B 7.67 ± 0.78B 11.43 ± 2.16A
Ca (mmol) 2.41 ± 0.13 2.47 ± 0.09 2.46 ± 0.08
P (mmol) 1.24 ± 0.42 0.94 ± 0.08 b 1.45 ± 0.48a
IgA (g/L) 0.93 ± 0.26 1.07 ± 0.25 1.13 ± 0.24
IgG (g/L) 1.22 ± 0.09 1.31 ± 0.12 1.33 ± 0.18
IgM (g/L) 0.82 ± 0.23 0.85 ± 0.39 0.92 ± 0.25

a,b Mean ± SE values with different lowercase letters as superscripts represent significant differences (p < 0.05), whereas distinct uppercase letters indicate highly significant differences (p < 0.01).