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. 2025 Jun 13;16:1605305. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2025.1605305

Table 5.

The concentration of hypothalamic neurotransmitters of feather-pecking ducks.

Indexes T1(CON) T2(2%V) T3(4%V)
GABA (μg/g) 129.60 ± 65.30 131.44 ± 41.71 106.42 ± 46.48
Gln (μg/g) 143.23 ± 9.62 121.35 ± 17.54B 171.24 ± 40.74A
Glu (μg/g) 326.07 ± 90.64 275.17 ± 91.35 411.55 ± 133.94
His (μg/g) 19.75 ± 7.45 14.54 ± 5.28 12.49 ± 3.99
Tyr (μg/g) 23.67 ± 2.68 20.37 ± 3.67 22.43 ± 8.30
Trp (μg/g) 5.73 ± 0.82 4.33 ± 0.82 4.88 ± 1.56
ACH (μg/g) 0.16 ± 0.007 0.20 ± 0.012 0.21 ± 0.012
NE (μg/g) 0.29 ± 0.014a 0.22 ± 0.051b 0.25 ± 0.022

a,b Mean ± SE values with different lowercase letters as superscripts represent significant differences (P < 0.05), whereas distinct uppercase letters indicate highly significant differences (p < 0.01).