Table 2.

Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics, and differences of demoralization level by characteristics (N = 547).

Variable	Categories	N (%)	Demoralization (Mean ± SD)
Gender	Male	341 (62.3)	2.85±0.61
	Female	206 (37.7)	2.77±0.69
Age (years)	18-45	171 (31.3)	2.81±0.62
	45-76	376 (68.7)	2.80±0.67
Marital status	Spouses living	432 (78.98)	2.82±0.61
	Others	115 (21.02)	2.76±0.79
Employee status	Yes	88 (16.09)	1.71±0.37
	No	459 (83.91)	3.01±0.46**
Monthly income, Yuan	<5,000	310 (56.67)	3.39±0.25
	5,000-10,000	165 (30.17)	2.74±0.20
	≥10,000	72 (13.16)	1.85±0.35**
Education level	Junior school and below	235 (42.96)	3.38±0.26
	Senior high school	201 (36.75)	2.69±0.22
	College and above	111 (20.29)	1.79±0.34**
Cohabitation status	Lives with family	469 (85.74)	2.79±0.64
	Alone	78 (14.26)	2.89±0.71
Religious belief	Yes	50 (9.14)	2.73±0.27
	No	497 (90.86)	2.81±0.68
Complications	Yes	495 (90.49)	2.94±0.52
	No	52 (9.51)	1.51±0.28**
Dialysis modality	HD	130 (23.77)	2.78±0.58
	HD+HDF	89 (16.27)	2.85±0.52
	HD+HP	58 (10.60)	2.94±0.77
	HD+HDF+HP	270 (49.36)	2.77±0.69
Duration on dialysis, years	<1	55 (10.05)	2.68±0.77
	1-5	195 (35.65)	2.85±0.57
	≥5	297 (54.30)	2.79±0.67
Primary kidney disease	Primary glomerular disease	215 (39.30)	2.81±0.65
	Hypertension	176 (32.18)	2.83±0.66
	Diabetes mellitus	98 (17.92)	2.67±0.69
	Others	58 (10.60)	2.92±0.53

**P < 0.01; HD, hemodialysis; HDF, hemodiafiltration; HP, hemoperfusion.