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. 2025 Jun 13;17:1537413. doi: 10.3389/fnagi.2025.1537413

Table 3.

The weighted hazard ratios of CMD-specific and all-cause mortality by the combined Gait-DSST groups.

Variable aDeath no. /total no. HR (95% CI) P for interaction
Crude Model 1 Model 2 Model 3
CMD Mortality 587/2482
Gait-DSST 0.184
Group 1 164/1057 1 (Ref) 1 (Ref) 1 (Ref) 1 (Ref)
Group 2 161/715 1.74 (1.33, 2.27) 1.27 (0.93, 1.73) 1.19 (0.87, 1.63) 1.09 (0.81, 1.47)
Group 3 71/191 2.92 (2.08, 4.10) 2.33 (1.64, 3.31) 2.01(1.41, 2.86) 1.86 (1.29, 2.68)
Group 4 191/519 2.88 (2.31, 3.58) 1.75 (1.38, 2.23) 1.58 (1.23, 2.03) 1.40 (1.07, 1.83)
All-Cause Mortality 1627/2482
Gait-DSST 0.032
Group 1 542/1057 1 (Ref) 1 (Ref) 1 (Ref) 1 (Ref)
Group 2 481/715 2.06 (1.84, 2.31) 1.56 (1.39, 1.76) 1.56 (1.39, 1.76) 1.51 (1.35, 1.68)
Group 3 159/191 2.70 (2.14, 3.40) 2.03 (1.61, 2.56) 1.81 (1.43, 2.29) 1.72 (1.35, 2.18)
Group 4 445/519 3.54 (2.94, 4.26) 2.31 (1.97, 2.71) 2.12 (1.77, 2.53) 2.01 (1.69, 2.39)
a

Death and total number of participants are presented as unweighted number.

CMD, cardiometabolic disease; DSST, Digit Symbol Substitution Test, a cognitive test of processing speed; HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval; Group 1: normal gait and high DSST; Group 2: normal gait and low DSST; Group 3: slow gait and high DSST; Group 4: slow gait and low DSST. Model 1 was adjusted for age, sex, education, poverty income ratio (PIR); Model 2 was additionally adjusted for physical activity, balance, smokers, alcohol use, C-reactive protein (CRP) and history of cancer; Model 3 was further adjusted for the history of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases (CVD) and cardiometabolic disease risk factors (CMDRF).