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. 2025 Jun 13;16:1532969. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1532969

Table 1.

Fit statistics for the IRT models for SDE and IM dichotomous scoring.

Model Dichotomous 2PL
SDE IM
One factor Two factors One factor Two factors
−2LL −6160.042 −6119.080 −6088.515 −6068.787
M2 (df) 441.965353 (170)* 315.047632 (169)* 356.40856 (170)* 321.025991 (169)*
RMSEA2 (CI.90%) .053 (.047, .059) .039 (.032, .045) .044 (.037, .050) .040 (.032, .046)
SRMSR .059 .052 .052 .049
AIC 12400.08 12320.16 12257.03 12219.57
BIC 12574.40 12498.83 12431.34 12398.25
saBIC 12447.41 12368.67 12304.36 12268.09
Estimated parameters 40 41 40 41
−2LLchange 40.962 (1), p < .001 19.728 (1), p < .001

−2LL = log-likelihood test. RMSEA2, bivariate root mean square error of approximation; SRMSR, Standardized Root Mean Square Residual; AIC, Akaike information criterion, BIC, Bayesian information criterion; saBIC, sample size adjusted BIC. The one-factor scale represents the unidimensional construct SDE or IM, two factors indicate items of SDE and IM divided in Denial and Enhancement based on reversed and non-reversed items, Modified two-factor model is a two-factor model after correcting for possible local dependence and item misfit (S-X2). *Statistically significant model misfit at p < .05. Bold indicates when model fit index indicates the better fitting model.