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. 2025 Jun 13;16:1532969. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1532969

Table 5.

Correlations for gender, age, personality, risk factors for deviant traits and thoughts and all forms of the BIDR.

Self-deceptive enhancement
Variables Expectations BIDR original-D BIDR original-D Denial BIDR original-D Enhanc. BIDR original-P BIDR original-P Denial BIDR original-P Enhanc. BIDR-D20 BIDR-D20 Denial BIDR-D20 Enhanc.
General Denial Enhance-ment ω
[95%
CI]
.83 [.82, .85] .57 [.53, .62] .65 [.61, .69] .64 [.60, .68] .61 [.57, .66] .67 [.63, .70] .79 [.77, .81] .71 [.68, .75] .73 [.70, .77]
Age + .17 .14 .16 .15 .11 .13 .22 .25 .14
Gender −.21 −.11 −.22 −.21 −.10 −.23 −.26 −.12 −.27
Extraversion + + .23 .21 .17 .34 .26 .25 .16 .16 .11
Agreeableness + .15 .20 .07 .08 .13 −.01 .12 .12 .10
Conscientiousness + + .23 .28 .12 .29 .30 .13 .20 .24 .12
Negative emotionality −.46 −.45 −.32 −.59 −.49 −.39 −.49 −.47 −.35
Open-mindedness + + .22 .12 .24 .15 .05 .18 .21 .13 .20
Honesty humility .20 .25 .10 .17 .21 .06 .16 .22 .08
Antisocial behavior −.02 −.06 .02 −.03 −.09 .05 −.02 −.03 −.01
Primary psychopathy −.06 −.12 .00 .01 −.07 .08 −.04 −.11 .01
Secundaire psychopathy −.25 −.33 −.11 −.28 −.34 −.09 −.24 −.28 −.16
Sexual entitlement −.11 −.14 −.05 −.04 −.09 .03 −.10 −.12 −.06
Impression management
General Denial Enhance-ment ω [95% CI] .89 [.88, .90] .82 [.81, .84] .83 [.81, .85] .78 [.76, .81] .72 [.69, .75] .68 [.64, .71] .83 [.82, .85] .76 [.73, .79] .74 [.71, .77]
Age + .24 .22 .19 .22 .18 .19 .29 .26 .19
Gender + .12 .11 .11 .17 .16 .14 .10 .14 .11
Extraversion −.01 −.03 .01 −.03 −.04 −.01 .02 .01 .01
Agreeableness + .35 .28 .34 .33 .24 .33 .32 .29 .34
Conscientiousness + .34 .30 .31 .37 .32 .33 .32 .27 .31
Negative emotionality −.15 −.17 −.10 −.13 −.09 −.12 −.17 −.15 −.10
Open-mindedness .16 .10 .19 .08 .04 .12 .17 .10 .19
Honesty humility + .46 .43 .38 .44 .38 .37 .44 .40 .38
Antisocial behavior −.42 −.38 −.35 −.49 −.45 −.39 −.36 −.31 −.35
Primary psychopathy −.47 −.39 −.44 −.44 −.33 −.43 −.44 −.36 −.44
Secundaire psychopathy −.33 −.30 −.27 −.31 −.24 −.29 −.30 −.28 −.27
Sexual entitlement −.24 −.22 −.20 −.18 −.17 −.15 −.22 −.21 −.20

Gender is a dummy variable with being female serving as the reference group. Negative emotionality (i.e., former Neuroticism), and Open-Mindedness (i.e., former Openness to experiences). Enhanc., Enhancement; D, Dichotomous scoring; P, Polytomous scoring; BIDR-D20, 20 item short version that can only be used Dichotomous. Significant values (p ≤ .05) are in bold. N ranges between 685 and 719.