Table 1.

Summary of CAR-T-cell clinical trials in GBM.

Ref.	Target Antigen	Conditions	NCT No.	Phase	Lessons Learned
49	IL13Rα2	WHO Stage 3 or 4 unifocal supratentorial GBM recurring or resistant	NCT00730613	N/A(pilot study)	Repeated dosage, no negative side effects from therapy, and temporary anti-glioma action are all made possible by intracranial administration of CAR-T cells via a reservoir/catheter system.
50	IL13Rα2	Recurring multifocal GBM	NCT02208362	Phase I	2016: Case Report: Intraventricular infusion of CAR-T cells causes CNS malignancies, specifically spinal tumors, to recede; there is no systemic damage and the effect lasts for 7.5 months. 2024: For recurring GBM, along intraventricular and intratumoral administration of CAR-T demonstrated a prolonged survival; 50% of patients had stable tumors or greater, with two limited actions, one complete action, and a second complete response following extra CAR-T phases off protocol (7.7 months vs. 10.2 months).
51	IL13Rα2	Growing or recurring WHO Grade 3 or 4 malignant GBM	NCT01082926	Phase I	Indications for regional tumor necrosis, no graft-versus-host disease, and no side effects associated with the device
52	EGFRvIII	Recurrent GBM	NCT02209376	Phase I	Absence of syndrome of cytokines release or therapy-related toxic effects, CAR-T cell migration to the tumor spot, and elimination of the EGFRvIII antigen
53	EGFRvIII	Recurrent GBM	NCT01454596	Phase I	No toxicities that restrict dosage till the maximum dose (≥1010) no unbiased answers found.
54	EGFR and EGFRvIII	Recurrent GBM	NCT05660369	Phase I/pilot	Targeting EGFR variant III and wild-type EGFR, CARv3-TEAM-E T cells demonstrated encouraging safety profiles with no serious side effects or dose-limiting toxic effects, as well as temporary tumor shrinkage.
55	B7-H3	Recurrent GBM	-	-	Case Report: Short-term anti-tumor response generated by intraventricular T cells