Table 1.
Characteristics of the available studies in SEA.
| No | Author, year of publication, ref | Type of study | Country, study year | Sample size | Age group | Type of testing | Specimens | Number of viruses tested | Clinical setting |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | Rammaert et al. (2013) [31] | Prospective cohort | Cambodia (2007-2010) |
1800 | ≥15 years | PCR, culture | blood, sputum, throat, NPS | 18 | Community acquired ALRI surveillance (SISEA) |
| 2. | Vong et al. (2013) [32] | Prospective | Cambodia (Apr 2007-Dec 2009) |
1904 | ≥5 years | PCR, Culture | NPS and throat swabs | 18 | Hospital |
| 3. | Farida et al. (2015) [33] | Prospective, cohort | Indonesia (Oct 2007- Apr 2009) |
148 | Adults | Serology, PCR | Sputum, Blood, throat swab, paired sera | 16 | Hospital |
| 4. | Toh et al. (2019) [34] | Prospective | Malaysia (Jun 2017- May 2018) |
600 | >1 month | PCR | NPS | 13 | Hospital |
| 5. | Pang et al. (2021) [35] | Prospective study | Malaysia (Jul 2018-Aug 2019) |
1106 | ≥18 years | PCR | NPS, OPS | 1 | Active surveillance/ hospital |
| 6. | Ng et al (2022) [36] | Retrospective study | Malaysia (Apr-Oct 2021) |
111 | ≤12 years | PCR | NPA, ETA, endotracheal aspirate | 19 | Hospital |
| 7. | Suzuki et al. (2012) [37] | Prospective cohort | Philippines (2008-2009) |
819 | <13 years | Culture, PCR | NPS, blood | 15 | Hospital |
| 8. | Lupisan et al. (2019) [38] | Prospective | Philippines (2010-2012) |
535 | Adults | Culture, PCR | NPS, sputum, blood | 7 | Hospital |
| 9. | Siow et al. (2016) [39] | Prospective cohort | Singapore (Nov 2009-Sep 2011) |
100 | Adults | Culture, PCR | Respiratory specimen, blood, urine | 8 | Intensive care unit |
| 10. | Lim et al. (2022) [40] | Retrospective | Singapore (2020) |
520 | Adults | PCR | - | 7 | Hospital |
| 11. | Fry et al. (2007) [41] | Active surveillance | Thailand (Sep 2004- Aug 2005) |
1171 | All age group | Serology, PCR | NPS | 13 | Active surveillance/ hospital |
| 12. | Hara et al. (2011) [42] | Prospective, cohort | Thailand (2006-2008) |
119 | Adults | Culture, PCR | Blood, sputum | 10 | Hospital |
| 13. | Pratheepamornkull et al. (2015) [43] | Cross sectional | Thailand (Jun 2013- May 2014) |
102 | Children | PCR | NPS | 9 | Hospital |
| 14. | Kositpantawong et al. (2021) [44] | Retrospective | Thailand (2016-2020) |
143 | Adults | PCR | - | 1 | Hospital |
| 15. | Bunthi et al. (2021) [12] | Case-control | Thailand (Jan 2012- Feb 2014) |
882 | <5 years | PCR, culture | NPS/OPS | 33 | Hospital |
| 16. | Osman et al. (2021) [45] | Retrospective & prospective | Thailand (2015-2019) |
490 | ≥60 years | PCR | Throat, pleural fluid, tracheal aspirates | 3 | Hospital |
| 17. | Poovieng et al. (2022) [46] | Retrospective cohort | Thailand (2015-2019) |
250 | ≥15 years | PCR | Sputum, tracheal aspirates, NPS | >3? | Hospital |
| 18. | Wanlapakorn et al. (2023) [47] | Cross-sectional study | Thailand (2019-2020) |
100 | ≤5 years | PCR | NPA | 18 | Hospital |
| 19. | Takahashi et al. (2013) [48] | Prospective cohort | Vietnam (2009-2010) |
174 | ≥15 years old | Culture, PCR | NPS | 13 | Hospital |
NPS, nasopharyngeal swab; OPS, oropharyngeal swab; PCR, polymerase chain reaction; SEA, Southeast Asia.