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. 2025 Jun 30;11(3):01045-2024. doi: 10.1183/23120541.01045-2024

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Proteins associated with each lung function impairment group. (−) indicates a negative association. CAL: chronic airflow limitation; PRISm: preserved ratio impaired spirometry; RSP: restrictive spirometric pattern. GDF-15: growth/differentiation factor 15; ADM: adrenomedullin; IL-1RA: interleukin-1 receptor antagonist; TFF3: trefoil factor 3; LOX-1: lectin-like oxidised LDL receptor 1; U-PAR: urokinase plasminogen activator surface receptor; IL-6: interleukin-6; CHI3L1: chitinase-3-like protein 1; TNFRSF10A: tumour necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 10A; PON3: paraoxonase 3; REN: renin; MMP7: matrix metalloproteinase 7; SELE: E-selectin; ACE-2: angiotensin-converting enzyme 2; RAGE: receptor for advanced glycosylation end products.