Table 3.
Gender and other factors influencing adolescent diet quality (GDQS), high risk of low diet quality for adolescents aged 10–15 years in Burkina Faso, Ethiopia, Sudan and Tanzania
| Overall GDQS | High diet qualitya | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Univariate Estimate (95% CI) | Multivariate Estimate (95% CI) | Univariate RR (95% CI) | Multivariate RR (95% CI) | |
| N | ||||
| Sociodemographic | ||||
| Country | ||||
| Burkina Faso | −4.33 (−4.97, −3.69) | −4.99 (−5.72, −4.25)*** | 0.26 (0.20, 0.34)*** | 0.22 (0.15, 0.33)*** |
| Ethiopia | −3.59 (−4.11, −3.07) | −4.25 (−4.98, −3.52)*** | 0.26 (0.21, 0.31)*** | 0.28 (0.22, 0.36)*** |
| Sudan | ref | ref | ref | ref |
| Tanzania | −4.34 (−4.92, −3.75) | −5.21 (−6.11, −4.31)*** | 0.34 (0.29, 0.39)*** | 0.28 (0.20, 0.40)*** |
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 0.32 (0.04, 0.61) | 0.22 (−0.18, 0.63) | 1.03 (0.92−1.16) | 1.00 (0.85, 1.21) |
| Female | ref | ref | ref | ref |
| Age of respondent (years) | −0.03 (−0.11, 0.05) | −0.00 (−0.11, 0.10) | 0.99 (0.95, 1.04) | 1.00 (0.95, 1.05) |
| Days of physical activity per week | ||||
| None | ref | ref | ref | |
| 1–2 days | 0.22 (−0.07, 0.52) | 0.31 (−0.13, 0.74) | 0.98 (0.84, 1.15) | |
| 3–4 days | 0.55 (0.20, 0.90)** | 0.64 (0.11, 1.17)* | 1.05 (0.90, 1.22) | |
| 5–6 days | −0.01 (−0.55, 0.53) | −0.12 (−0.76, 0.53) | 0.99 (0.76, 1.27) | |
| Food security | ||||
| No food in house | −0.65 (−1.07, −0.23)** | 0.85 (0.69, 1.04) | 1.04 (0.72, 1.50) | |
| Skipped a meal | −0.69 (–1.14, −0.25)** | −0.60 (−1.42, 0.22) | 0.85 (0.67, 1.08) | |
| Household | ||||
| Parents alive | ||||
| Both alive | ref | ref | ref | |
| Only mother alive | −0.41 (−0.80, −0.02)* | −0.08 (−1.32, 1.16) | 0.84 (0.68, 1.04) | |
| Only father alive | −0.04 (−1.12, 1.19) | 2.21 (0.91, 3.52)** | 0.52 (0.21, 1.27) | |
| Maternal education | ||||
| None | −0.18 (−0.57, 0.20) | −0.28 (−0.84, 0.29) | 1.06 (0.85, 1.31) | |
| Primary school | ref | ref | ref | |
| Secondary school | 0.20 (−0.10, 0.51) | 0.14 (−0.23, 0.50) | 1.29 (1.12, 1.50) | |
| Tertiary education | 0.10 (−0.26, 0.47) | −0.03 (−0.54, 0.48) | 1.17 (0.95, 1.43) | |
| Maternal occupation | ||||
| Farmer | ref | ref | ||
| Merchant | −0.87 (−2.17, 0.44) | −0.70 (−2.60, 1.20) | ||
| Teacher or govt employed | −0.81 (−2.13, 0.52) | −1.00 (−2.94, 0.94) | ||
| Unemployed | −2.39 (−3.99, −0.79)* | −2.60 (−4.81, −0.39)* | ||
| Stay at home | −0.50 (−1.78, 0.77) | −0.46 (−2.37, 1.45) | ||
| Other | −0.79 (−2.17, 0.59) | −0.48 (−2.42, 1.45) | ||
| Paternal education | ||||
| None | 0.77 (0.50, 1.20) | 0.66 (0.33, 1.37) | ||
| Primary school | ref | ref | ||
| Secondary school | 1.15 (0.98, 1.34) | 1.09 (0.87, 1.37) | ||
| Tertiary education | 1.38 (1.15, 1.67)** | 1.26 (0.96, 1.64) | ||
| Paternal occupation | ||||
| Farmer | ref | ref | ref | ref |
| Merchant | 0.62 (0.08, 1.15)* | 0.33 (−0.40, 1.05) | 2.06 (1.17, 3.63)* | 1.44 (0.92, 2.27) |
| Teacher or govt employee | 0.87 (0.30, 1.43)** | 0.50 (−0.19, 1.19) | 2.36 (1.40, 3.99)** | 1.34 (0.88, 2.04) |
| Unemployed | 0.52 (−0.33, 1.38) | −0.24 (−1.29, 0.80) | 2.40 (1.29, 4.45)* | 1.67 (1.03, 2.69)* |
| Employed by NGO | 0.61 (−0.35, 1.56) | 0.14 (−1.11, 1.40) | 2.61 (1.41, 4.84)** | 1.83 (0.81, 4.17) |
| Other | 0.56 (0.02, 1.10)* | 0.41 (−0.20, 1.01) | 2.11 (1.24, 3.57)* | 1.52 (1.01, 2.31)* |
| Wealth index | ||||
| Quintile 1 | −0.22 (−0.65, 0.22) | −0.05 (−0.51, 0.41) | 0.90 (0.71, 1.14) | 1.06 (0.87, 1.29) |
| Quintile 2 | −0.26 (−0.62, 0.11) | −0.22 (−0.63, 0.19) | 0.81 (0.67, 0.98)* | 0.97 (0.82, 1.15) |
| Quintile 3 | 0.11 (−0.24, 0.46) | −0.09 (−0.56, 0.38) | 0.97 (0.82, 1.14) | 1.05 (0.92, 1.20) |
| Quintile 4 | −0.24 (−0.56, 0.07) | −0.11 (−0.53, 0.31) | 0.88 (0.76, 1.03) | 1.03 (0.88, 1.20) |
| Quintile 5 | ref | ref | ref | ref |
| Other adolescent characteristics | ||||
| Siblings (number) | −0.01 (−0.06, 0.05) | 0.99 (0.96, 1.02) | 1.00 (0.97, 1.03) | |
| Commute type | ||||
| Walk | ref | ref | ref | |
| Bike | 0.15 (−0.35, 0.64) | 1.04 (0.87, 1.24) | 0.89 (0.56, 1.42) | |
| Bus | −0.48 (−1.15, 0.20) | 0.85 (0.60, 1.22) | 1.15 (0.76, 1.72) | |
| Ride or taxi | 0.17 (−0.35, 0.69) | 1.41 (1.14, 1.74)** | 1.18 (0.70, 2.00) | |
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; GDQS, Global Diet Quality Score, RR, relative risk.
a
For models of risk of high diet quality defined as GDQS > 23, binary indicator, Y/N.
*
p < 0.05
**
p
< 0.01
***
p < 0.001.