. 2025 May 14;5(5):100827. doi: 10.1016/j.xops.2025.100827

Table 4.

Stratified Analysis of Different Covariates for the Risk of POAG

Variable	POAG in Non-DPP4i User			POAG in DPP4i User			Crude		Adjusted^∗
Variable	n	PY	IR	n	PY	IR	HR (95% CI)	P Value	HR (95% CI)	P Value
Sex
Female	2688	743 042.61	3.62	1351	799 568.02	1.69	0.47 (0.44, 0.50)^§	<0.001	0.51 (0.47, 0.55)^§	<0.001
Male	3440	885 148.07	3.89	1808	959 562.34	1.88	0.48 (0.46, 0.51)^§	<0.001	0.54 (0.51, 0.58)^§	<0.001
Age
18–39	1765	532 619.79	3.31	915	564 930.56	1.62	0.49 (0.45, 0.53)^§	<0.001	0.56 (0.51, 0.62)^§	<0.001
40–64	1861	493 652.67	3.77	981	535 837.68	1.83	0.48 (0.45, 0.52)^§	<0.001	0.52 (0.47, 0.57)^§	<0.001
≥65	2502	601 918.22	4.16	1263	658 362.12	1.92	0.46 (0.43, 0.49)^§	<0.001	0.51 (0.47, 0.56)^§	<0.001
Region of dwelling
Northern	2988	744 609.20	4.01	1616	788 241.85	2.05	0.51 (0.48, 0.54)^§	<0.001	0.57 (0.53, 0.62)^§	<0.001
Central	1409	378 788.79	3.72	671	405 615.89	1.65	0.44 (0.40, 0.48)^§	<0.001	0.48 (0.43, 0.53)^§	<0.001
Southern	1584	457 844.23	3.46	786	514 044.62	1.53	0.44 (0.40, 0.48)^§	<0.001	0.49 (0.44, 0.55)^§	<0.001
Eastern	147	46 948.45	3.13	86	51 228.00	1.68	0.53 (0.41, 0.70)^§	<0.001	0.52 (0.38, 0.71)^§∗	<0.001
Degree of urbanization
Lowest	491	152 788.39	3.21	228	162 730.07	1.40	0.43 (0.37, 0.51)^§	<0.001	0.50 (0.41, 0.60)^§	<0.001
Median	2310	621 874.46	3.71	1152	680 631.42	1.69	0.45 (0.42, 0.49)^§	<0.001	0.51 (0.47, 0.56)^§	<0.001
Highest	3327	853 527.83	3.9	1779	915 768.87	1.94	0.50 (0.47, 0.53)^§	<0.001	0.54 (0.51, 0.58)^§	<0.001
Insurance premium (NTD per month)
<18 000	1639	409 038.16	4.01	862	441 563.16	1.95	0.48 (0.45, 0.53)^§	<0.001	0.53 (0.48, 0.58)^§	<0.001
18 000–34999	2869	789 948.13	3.63	1393	855 933.90	1.63	0.45 (0.42, 0.48)^§	<0.001	0.50 (0.47, 0.54)^§	<0.001
≥35 000	1620	429 204.38	3.77	904	461 633.30	1.96	0.52 (0.48, 0.56)^§	<0.001	0.58 (0.53, 0.64)^§	<0.001
Comorbidities
Coronary artery disease
No	4814	1 304 795.78	3.69	2492	1 403 169.67	1.78	0.48 (0.46, 0.50)^§	<0.001	0.53 (0.50, 0.56)^§	<0.001
Yes	1314	323 394.90	4.06	667	355 960.69	1.87	0.46 (0.42, 0.50)^§	<0.001	0.53 (0.47, 0.59)^§	<0.001
Stroke
No	5492	1 449 798.52	3.79	2783	1 565 169.94	1.78	0.47 (0.45, 0.49)^§	<0.001	0.52 (0.50, 0.55)^§	<0.001
Yes	636	178 392.16	3.57	376	193 960.42	1.94	0.54 (0.47, 0.61)^§	<0.001	0.57 (0.48, 0.66)^§	<0.001
Peripheral artery disease
No	6054	1 605 724.27	3.77	3123	1 736 052.93	1.80	0.48 (0.46, 0.50)^§	<0.001	0.53 (0.50, 0.56)^§	<0.001
Yes	74	22 466.40	3.29	36	23 077.43	1.56	0.47 (0.32, 0.70)^§	<0.001	0.45 (0.27, 0.75)^‡	0.002
Atrial fibrillation
No	5651	1 498 667.50	3.77	2897	1 619 791.00	1.79	0.47 (0.45, 0.49)^§	<0.001	0.52 (0.50, 0.55)^§	<0.001
Yes	477	129 523.18	3.68	262	139 339.36	1.88	0.51 (0.44, 0.59)^§	<0.001	0.58 (0.48, 0.69)^§	<0.001
Heart failure
No	5942	1 569 937.63	3.78	3060	1 694 974.17	1.81	0.48 (0.45, 0.50)^§	<0.001	0.53 (0.50, 0.56)^§	<0.001
Yes	186	58 253.04	3.19	99	64 156.19	1.54	0.48 (0.38, 0.62)^§	<0.001	0.43 (0.32, 0.59)^§	<0.001
Hypertension
No	2087	560 151.09	3.73	1039	581 923.25	1.79	0.48 (0.44, 0.51)^§	<0.001	0.54 (0.49, 0.59)^§	<0.001
Yes	4041	1 068 039.58	3.78	2120	1 177 207.11	1.80	0.47 (0.45, 0.50)^§	<0.001	0.52 (0.49, 0.56)^§	<0.001
Dyslipidemia
No	2408	617 076.68	3.9	1149	652 186.85	1.76	0.45 (0.42, 0.48)^§	<0.001	0.52 (0.47, 0.56)^§	<0.001
Yes	3720	1 011 113.99	3.68	2010	1 106 943.51	1.82	0.49 (0.46, 0.52)^§	<0.001	0.54 (0.50, 0.57)^§	<0.001
CKD
No	5890	1 556 670.38	3.78	3009	1 672 600.38	1.80	0.47 (0.45, 0.50)^§	<0.001	0.53 (0.51, 0.56)^§	<0.001
Yes	238	71 520.30	3.33	150	86 529.98	1.73	0.51 (0.41, 0.62)^§	<0.001	0.44 (0.34, 0.57)^§	<0.001
COPD
No	5575	1 479 660.70	3.77	2881	1 599 112.69	1.80	0.48 (0.46, 0.50)^§	<0.001	0.53 (0.50, 0.56)^§	<0.001
Yes	553	148 529.98	3.72	278	160 017.67	1.74	0.46 (0.40, 0.54)^§	<0.001	0.52 (0.43, 0.62)^§	<0.001
Depression
No	5769	1 535 066.40	3.76	2956	1 660 950.91	1.78	0.47 (0.45, 0.49)^§	<0.001	0.53 (0.50, 0.56)^§	<0.001
Yes	359	93 124.27	3.86	203	98 179.45	2.07	0.53 (0.45, 0.63)^§	<0.001	0.53 (0.42, 0.65)^§	<0.001
Schizophrenia
No	6071	1 610 741.76	3.77	3121	1 741 836.16	1.79	0.47 (0.45, 0.49)^§	<0.001	0.53 (0.50, 0.55)^§	<0.001
Yes	57	17 448.91	3.27	38	17 294.20	2.20	0.66 (0.44, 1.00)^†	0.048	0.83 (0.50, 1.40)	0.49
Rheumatoid diseases
No	6019	1 602 198.30	3.76	3117	1 731 050.54	1.80	0.48 (0.46, 0.50)^§	<0.001	0.53 (0.50, 0.56)^§	<0.001
Yes	109	25 992.38	4.19	42	28 079.82	1.50	0.36 (0.25, 0.51)^§	<0.001	0.40 (0.26, 0.61)^§	<0.001
Osteoporosis
No	5849	1 551 350.18	3.77	3029	1 678 442.37	1.80	0.48 (0.46, 0.50)^§	<0.001	0.53 (0.50, 0.56)^§	<0.001
Yes	279	76 840.49	3.63	130	80 687.99	1.61	0.44 (0.36, 0.54)^§	<0.001	0.47 (0.36, 0.60)^§	<0.001
Alcoholism
No	6055	1 601 125.16	3.78	3118	1 730 875.84	1.80	0.47 (0.45, 0.50)^§	<0.001	0.53 (0.50, 0.56)^§	<0.001
Yes	73	27 065.51	2.7	41	28 254.52	1.45	0.54 (0.37, 0.79)^‡	0.001	0.64 (0.40, 1.02)	0.063
Nicotine dependence
No	6033	1 593 951.21	3.78	3106	1 722 631.05	1.80	0.47 (0.45, 0.50)^§	<0.001	0.53 (0.50, 0.56)^§	<0.001
Yes	95	34 239.47	2.77	53	36 499.31	1.45	0.52 (0.37, 0.72)^§	<0.001	0.54 (0.36, 0.81)^‡	0.003
Cancer
No	5871	1 560 193.10	3.76	3035	1 686 750.18	1.80	0.48 (0.46, 0.50)^§	<0.001	0.53 (0.50, 0.56)^§	<0.001
Yes	257	67 997.57	3.78	124	72 380.18	1.71	0.45 (0.36, 0.55)^§	<0.001	0.51 (0.39, 0.66)^§	<0.001
Retinopathy
No	5343	1 504 462.05	3.55	2740	1 601 776.82	1.71	0.48 (0.46, 0.50)^§	<0.001	0.54 (0.51, 0.57)^§	<0.001
Yes	785	123 728.63	6.34	419	157 353.54	2.66	0.42 (0.37, 0.48)^§	<0.001	0.47 (0.41, 0.54)^§	<0.001
Myopia
No	6058	1 615 745.16	3.75	3104	1 744 791.36	1.78	0.47 (0.45, 0.49)^§	<0.001	0.53 (0.50, 0.55)^§	<0.001
Yes	70	12 445.52	5.62	55	14 339.00	3.84	0.65 (0.46, 0.93)^†	0.019	0.74 (0.49, 1.12)	0.154
Cataract
No	4412	1 294 052.01	3.41	2301	1 390 731.87	1.65	0.48 (0.46, 0.51)^§	<0.001	0.54 (0.51, 0.57)^§	<0.001
Yes	1716	334 138.67	5.14	858	368 398.49	2.33	0.45 (0.42, 0.49)^§	<0.001	0.50 (0.45, 0.55)^§	<0.001
Uveitis
No	6081	1 619 666.37	3.75	3138	1 750 131.58	1.79	0.48 (0.46, 0.50)^§	<0.001	0.53 (0.50, 0.56)^§	<0.001
Yes	47	8524.30	5.51	21	8998.78	2.33	0.43 (0.26, 0.72)^‡	0.001	0.70 (0.38, 1.29)	0.253
DR
No	5728	1 572 520.62	3.64	2934	1 674 949.10	1.75	0.48 (0.46, 0.50)^§	<0.001	0.54 (0.51, 0.57)^§	<0.001
Yes	400	55 670.05	7.19	225	84 181.26	2.67	0.38 (0.32, 0.44)^§	<0.001	0.43 (0.35, 0.52)^§	<0.001
DKD
No	5716	1 528 295.61	3.74	2899	1 628 602.55	1.78	0.47 (0.45, 0.50)^§	<0.001	0.53 (0.50, 0.56)^§	<0.001
Yes	412	99 895.07	4.12	260	130 527.81	1.99	0.48 (0.41, 0.56)^§	<0.001	0.49 (0.41, 0.59)^§	<0.001
DN
No	5713	1 553 963.27	3.68	2939	1 656 300.80	1.77	0.48 (0.46, 0.50)^§	<0.001	0.54 (0.51, 0.57)^§	<0.001
Yes	415	74 227.40	5.59	220	102 829.56	2.14	0.38 (0.32, 0.45)^§	<0.001	0.43 (0.35, 0.52)^§	<0.001
CCI score
0	5061	1 316 456.12	3.84	2576	1 415 232.20	1.82	0.47 (0.45, 0.50)^§	<0.001	0.53 (0.50, 0.56)^§	<0.001
1	542	155 780.52	3.48	297	171 588.48	1.73	0.49 (0.43, 0.57)^§	<0.001	0.55 (0.47, 0.65)^§	<0.001
≥2	525	155 954.04	3.37	286	172 309.67	1.66	0.49 (0.42, 0.56)^§	<0.001	0.54 (0.45, 0.64)^§	<0.001

CCI = Charlson Comorbidity Index; CI = confidence interval; CKD = chronic kidney disease; COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; DKD = diabetic kidney disease; DN = diabetic neuropathy; DPP4i = dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor; DR = diabetic retinopathy; HR = hazard ratio; IR = incidence rate per 1000 person-years; NTD = New Taiwan Dollar; POAG = primary open angle glaucoma; PY = person-years; T2DM = type 2 diabetes mellitus.

^∗

Adjusted HR: adjusted by sex, age, region of dwelling, degree of urbanization, insurance premium, comorbidities, CCI score, and medication.

^†

P value <0.05.

^‡

P < 0.01.

^§

P < 0.001.