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. 2025 Jul 1;11:72. doi: 10.1186/s40942-025-00696-z

Table 4.

Distribution of patients according to investigated variables in relation to changes in BCVA

BCVA-change P
Worsening
(n = 7)
No change
(n = 29)
Improvement
(n = 20)
Age
Median (IQR) range

57 (42–77)

21–81

48 (38–56)

11–85

33.5 (27–47.5)

14–77

0.027
Time from injury to surgery (hours)
 ≤ 6 5 (71.4) 18 (62.1) 15 (75.0) 0.621
 > 6 2 (28.6) 11 (37.9) 5 (25.0)
RAPD
 Yes 3 (42.9) 16 (55.2) 8 (40.0) 0.553
 No 4 (57.1) 13 (44.8) 12 (60.0)
Injury type
 Globe rupture 3 (42.9) 11 (37.9) 2 (10.0) 0.134
 Penetrant injury 2 (28.6) 15 (51.7) 12 (60.0)
 Perforative injury 0 1 (3.4) 0
 IOFB 2 (28.6) 2 (6.9) 6 (30.0)
Injury zone
 1 3 (42.9) 8 (27.6) 11 (55.0) 0.214
 2  2 (28.6) 16 (55.2) 8 (40.0)
 3 2 (28.6) 5 (17.2) 1 (5.0)
OTS category
 1 3 (42.9) 8 (27.6) 1 (5.0) 0.002
 2 1 (14.3) 5 (17.2) 4 (20.0)
 3 0 (0.0) 7 (24.1) 8 (40.0)
 4 0 (0.0) 2 (6.9) 7 (35.0)
 5 3 (42.9) 7 (24.1) 0 (0.0)

BCVA = best corrected visual acuity; n = number of patients; IOFB = intraocular foreign body; RAPD = relative afferent pupillary defect; zone of injury (according to Birmingham Eye Trauma Terminology– BETT classification of ocular trauma): 1 = trauma involves cornea and limbus; 2 = extending posteriorly from the limbus up to 5 mm into the sclera; 3 = extending posteriorly more than 5 mm beyond the limbus; OTS category (sum of raw points): 1 = 0–44; 2 = 45–65; 3 = 66–80; 4 = 81–91; 5 = 92–100

Bold results indicate a significance level of P < 0.05