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. 2025 Jun 18;16:1586544. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2025.1586544

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Copyright © 2025 Saddozai, Liu, Yan, Lu, Khawar, Akbar, Khattak, Sun and Yang

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Identification of T cells associated genes and enriched pathways. (A) Gene dendrogram with module colors from the GEO dataset. (B) Module-trait relationships showing correlations and significance. (C) Overlap of DEGs, T cell markers, and WGCNA-identified genes, emphasizing immune and structural gene associations. (D) KEGG pathway analysis highlighting PI3K-Akt signaling, focal adhesion, and viral carcinogenesis. (E) GO enrichment of biological processes, cellular components, and molecular functions. Color represents the adjusted p-value (red = higher significance; blue = lower significance). Dot size reflects the gene ratio (proportion of genes enriched in each pathway).