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. 2025 Jun 18;16:1586544. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2025.1586544

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Copyright © 2025 Saddozai, Liu, Yan, Lu, Khawar, Akbar, Khattak, Sun and Yang

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Gene based signature for prognosis analysis and risk stratification. (A) Vin diagram represents the genes between common and survival genes. (B) Forest plot showing hazard ratios (HR) for ID3, BDP1, and CLEC11A (p < 0.05). (B). (C) Heatmap of prognostic genes (D) Risk score distribution correlates with survival status. (E) Kaplan-Meier curves reveal survival in both risk groups (F) ROC curves show strong predictive accuracy at 1, 3, and 5 years (AUC: 0.77, 0.83, 0.76). Symbols denotes, A single * indicates a p-value < 0.05 statistically significant, while two ** indicate a p-value < 0.01 highly significant.