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. 2025 Jun 18;16:1586544. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2025.1586544

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Copyright © 2025 Saddozai, Liu, Yan, Lu, Khawar, Akbar, Khattak, Sun and Yang

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Nomogram and risk stratification for survival prediction. (A) Nomogram using ID3, CLEC11A, and BDP1 to predict overall survival (OS). (B) Calibration plots show agreement between predicted and observed OS at 1, 3, and 5 years. (C) Heatmap of prognostic signature genes (D) Risk score distribution correlates with survival status. (E) Kaplan-Meier curves reveal worse survival in high-risk patients. (F) ROC curves demonstrate predictive accuracy (AUC: 0.67, 0.72, 0.71 at 1, 3, 5 years). (G) Calibration plots of GSE63157 show agreement between predicted and observed OS at 1, 3, and 5 years. Symbols denotes, A single * indicates a p-value < 0.05 statistically significant, while two ** indicate a p-value < 0.01 highly significant.