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. 2025 Jun 18;7:1540424. doi: 10.3389/fspor.2025.1540424

Table 2.

Comparison of stroke variety and execution performance between TEN and PAD players.

Variables Padel Tennis AIC R-squared conditional Estimate (95% CI) SE p-value
Serve 1st SV % 80.17 ± 9.30 61.17 ± 9.54 350.141 0.524 −18.90 (−24.3, −13.6) 2.71 <0.001
2nd SV % 90.96 ± 13.41 75.54 ± 18.56 409.754 0.195 −15.40 (−24.5, −6.29) 4.66 0.002
Volleys (num) FV 14.17 ± 6.03 5.21 ± 2.78 290.701 0.486 −8.96 (−11.05, −6.31) 1.35 <0.001
BV 8.54 ± 3.50 5.04 ± 2.27 245.986 0.302 −3.50 (−5.13, −1.87) 0.83 <0.001
SV 9.71 ± 3.16 0.63 ± 0.82 222.379 0.798 −9.08 (−10.39, −7.78) 0.67 <0.001
GS (num) F 26.92 ± 7.86 22.75 ± 8.83 337.673 0.402 −4.17 (−8.00, −0.34) 1.95 0.039
B 21.79 ± 7.72 13.38 ± 4.81 319.474 0.4903 −8.42 (−11.8, −5.03) 1.73 <0.001
L 20.50 ± 8.04 2.83 ± 2.62 313.874 0.690 −17.7 (−21.05, −14.3) 1.73 <0.001
RPM (num) 92.33 ± 17.62 67.17 ± 2.16 385.052 0.506 −25.2 (−32.3, −18.1) 3.62 <0.001
RD (s) 6.50 ± 0.33 4.87 ± 0.51 61.437 0.801 −1.63 (−1.86, −1.39) 0.12 <0.001
TS (num) 81.17 ± 18.20 46.42 ± 7.51 394.996 0.619 −34.8 (−42.6, −26.9) 4.00 <0.001
SPR (num) 4.53 ± 0.28 3.60 ± 0.54 61.002 0.598 −0.94 (−1.17, −0.71) 0.12 <0.001
1st Serve points won % 59.96 ± 10.87 64.00 ± 15.13 389.189 0.115 4.04 (−3.64, 11.20) 3.64 0.273
2nd Serve points won % 61.13 ± 9.61 46.83 ± 14.95 379.458 0.470 −14.3 (−20.3, −8.26) 3.08 <0.001
PPG 5.66 ± 0.28 5.75 ± 0.14 −2.933 0.05 0.09 (−0.03, 0.22) 0.06 0.157
ARI (s) 17.36 ± 2.72 29.67 ± 1.78 222.063 0.880 12.30 (11.00, 13.60) 0.66 <0.001

Notes: t, difference between sample means; p, between group-subject effect; 1st SV %, first serve efficiency; 2nd SV %, second serve efficiency; FV, forehand volley; BV, backhand volley; SV, smash; GS, groundstrokes; n, number; F, forehand; B, backhand; L, lob; RPM, Rallis per match; RD, Rallies duration; s, seconds; TS, total strokes; SPR, strokes per rally; PPG, points per game; ARI, average rest interval.