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. 2025 Jul 1;15:20983. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-03343-7

Table 1.

Distribution of childhood factors in the overall sample combined across 22 countries (N = 202,898, with the sample weighted to be nationally representative within each country).

Childhood factors Category N (%)
Relationship with mother Very good 127,836 (63%)
Somewhat good 52,439 (26%)
Somewhat bad 11,060 (5%)
Very bad 4,642 (2%)
Does not apply 5,965 (3%)
Missing 956 (0%)
Relationships with father Very good 107,742 (53%)
Somewhat good 55,714 (27%)
Somewhat bad 15,807 (8%)
Very bad 8,278 (4%)
Does not apply 13,985 (7%)
Missing 1,372 (1%)
Parent marital status Parents married 152,001 (75%)
Divorced 17,726 (9%)
Single, never married 15,534 (8%)
One or both parents had died 7,794 (4%)
Missing 9,843 (5%)
Financial status of family when growing up Lived comfortably 70,861 (35%)
Got by 82,905 (41%)
Found it difficult 35,852 (18%)
Found it very difficult 12,606 (6%)
Missing 674 (0%)
Experienced abuse Yes 29,139 (14%)
No 167,279 (82%)
Missing 6,479 (3%)
Felt like an outsider in the family Yes 28,732 (14%)
No 170,577 (84%)
Missing 3,589 (2%)
Self-rated health when growing up Excellent 67,121 (33%)
Very good 63,086 (31%)
Good 47,378 (23%)
Fair 19,877 (10%)
Poor 4,906 (2%)
Missing 530 (0%)
Immigration status Born in this country 190,998 (94%)
Born in another country 9,791 (5%)
Missing 2,110 (1%)
Frequency of religious service attendance (age 12) At least 1/week 83,237 (41%)
1–3/month 33,308 (16%)
 < 1/month 36,928 (18%)
Never 47,445 (23%)
Missing 1,980 (1%)
Year of birth 1998–2005; current age: 18–24 27,007 (13%)
1993–1998; age 25–29 20,700 (10%)
1983–1993; age 30–39 40,256 (20%)
1973–1983; age 40–49 34,464 (17%)
1963–1973; age 50–59 31,793 (16%)
1953–1963; age 60–69 27,763 (14%)
1943–1953; age 70–79 16,776 (8%)
1943 or earlier; age 80 +  4,119 (2%)
Missing 20 (0%)
Gender Male 98,411 (49%)
Female 103,488 (51%)
Other 602 (0%)
Missing 397 (0%)
Country Argentina 6,724 (3%)
Australia 3,844 (2%)
Brazil 13,204 (7%)
Egypt 4,729 (2%)
Germany 9,506 (5%)
Hong Kong (S.A.R of China) 3,012 (1%)
India 12,765 (6%)
Indonesia 6,992 (3%)
Israel 3,669 (2%)
Japan 20,543 (10%)
Kenya 11,389 (6%)
Mexico 5,776 (3%)
Nigeria 6,827 (3%)
Philippines 5,292 (3%)
Poland 10,389 (5%)
South Africa 2,651 (1%)
Spain 6,290 (3%)
Sweden 15,068 (7%)
Tanzania 9,075 (4%)
Türkiye 1,473 (1%)
United Kingdom 5,368 (3%)
United States 38,312 (19%)

Note. S.A.R. = Special administrative region.