Skip to main content
. 2025 Jul 1;15:21875. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-07753-5

Table 4.

Experimental groups and tested parameters.

Group Replacement type SS Ratio Treatment Tests conducted Curing method
Control (C0) None 0% Compressive strength, UPV, porosity, absorption Water curing
Phase 1 (SSV1-3) Sand 1–3% Vinegar-washed, air-dried Compressive strength, UPV, absorption Nylon bag curing
Phase 2 (SCNV1-3) Cement 1–3% Untreated powder Compressive strength, UPV, porosity Water curing
Phase 3 (SCTV1-3) Cement 1–3% Vinegar + 250 °C thermal Compressive strength, UPV, porosity, flow Water curing