Table 2.

Comparison of facial projection, vault globularity, and other cranial features in archaic and anatomically modern Homo

Variable	Recent H. sapiens (n = 100)			Pleistocene H. sapiens (n = 9)			Archaic Homo spp. (n = 10)			Overlap†, %
	Mean	SD	Range	Mean	SD	Range	Mean	SD	Range
Vault height relative to length (VHL)	0.76	0.04	0.68–0.90	0.74	0.04	0.67–0.80	0.63*	0.03	0.60–0.67	17
Parietal angle (PAA, degrees)	135.63	5.10	120–149	135.45	3.50	131–140	142.16*	7.41	133–155	83
Vault width relative to height (VWH)	0.98	0.07	0.81–1.15	0.95	0.06	0.89–1.07	0.85*	0.04	0.80–0.91	50
Occipital angle (OCA, degrees)	123.40	9.02	107–167	118.90	7.60	108–129	105.46*	8.23	96–117	40
Frontal angle (FRA, degrees)	129.49	6.26	102–145	128.44	3.59	121–131	139.54*	4.76	132–146	75
Browridge score (from ref. 6)	1.91	0.95	1–5	3.40	1.27	2–5	5.00*	0.00	5–5	100
Glabellar projection (mm)	24.02	4.29	11.4–34.8	24.47	4.39	17.3–29.8	32.79*	6.77	22.0–41.5	44
Canine fossa depth (mm)	4.82	1.74	1.8–10.1	4.75	1.17	3.5–6.3	1.74*	1.63	0–5.1	44
Prognathism (degrees)‡	35.89	4.35	27.7–52.8	35.84	2.69	32.6–40.2	34.37	3.21	30.1–41.4	100
Facial retraction/GM§	0.40	0.04	0.32–0.48	0.46	0.04	0.42–0.49	0.56*	0.03	0.51–0.58	0
Neurocranial globularity¶	0.59	0.06	0.49–0.86	0.58	0.04	0.51–0.61	0.47*	0.03	0.43–0.49	0

^*Mean significantly different (P < 0.05, Scheffé's F, ANOVA) from combined AMHS sample (all variables distributed normally). 

^† Calculated as percentage of AH crania within total range of variation in combined AMHS sample. 

^‡ The sagittal plane angle between prosthion, the most posteroinferior point on frontal squama above glabella, and the midline average of maxillary tuberosities. 

^§ Measured as nasion–foramen cecum, standardized by a geometric mean of four cranial (mostly facial) dimensions: endocranial volume^0.33, nasion–prosthion, bimaxillary tuberosity breadth, and maxillary tuberosity–prosthion. 

^¶ A dimensionless index of overall neurocranial globularity measured as (euryon-euryon⋅basion-vertex)/nasion-opsithocranion².