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. 2025 Jul 1;15:21947. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-01116-w

Table 1.

Baseline characteristics of patients undergoing lumbar disc herniation across ERAS-Based and standard care groups.

ERAS Group (n = 174) Standard Care Group (n = 171) P-Value
0.876
Gender Male 92 (52.9%) 89 (52.0%)
Female 82 (47.1%) 82 (48.0%)
Age (years, Mean ± SD) 48.6 ± 11.4 47.9 ± 12.1 0.614
BMI (kg/m², Mean ± SD) 26.4 ± 3.8 26.7 ± 4.1 0.483
ASA Class II or higher (n [%]) 83 (47.7%) 87 (50.9%) 0.577
Smoking History (n [%]) 38 (21.8%) 43 (25.1%) 0.514
Diabetes (n [%]) 28 (16.1%) 31 (18.1%) 0.652
Hypertension (n [%]) 46 (26.4%) 50 (29.2%) 0.586
Previous Sciatica Episodes (n [%]) 71 (40.8%) 67 (39.2%) 0.773
Severity of LDH (Mild, n [%]) 94 (54.0%) 89 (52.0%) 0.704
Employment Status (Employed, n [%]) 126 (72.4%) 119 (69.6%) 0.611
Duration of Symptoms (months) 8.3 ± 3.1 8.5 ± 3.4 0.742
Family History of LDH (n [%]) 27 (15.5%) 24 (14.0%) 0.732
Physical Activity Level (High, n [%]) 48 (27.6%) 45 (26.3%) 0.813
Use of Analgesics Pre-surgery (n [%]) 58 (33.3%) 63 (36.8%) 0.521
Number of Affected Levels (Single, n [%]) 109 (62.6%) 106 (62.0%) 0.913

The values in parentheses are percentages unless indicated otherwise. Abbreviation: ASA Class: American Society of Anesthesiologists Physical Status Classificatio; BMI: Body Mass Index; ERAS: Enhanced Recovery After Surgery; ODI: Oswestry Disability Index; VAS: Visual Analog Scale.