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. 2025 Jul 2;15:22950. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-06392-0

Table 2.

HV values of DPMOPSO and the comparison algorithms on the test functions.

Function MOPSO SMPSO MPSO/D NSGA-II NSGA-III DPMOPSO
ZDT1 0.0000e+0 0.0000e+0 0.0000e+0 0.0000e+0 0.0000e+0 7.2174e−1
ZDT2 0.0000e+0 0.0000e+0 0.0000e+0 0.0000e+0 0.0000e+0 4.4627e−1
ZDT3 6.8110e−5 2.0782e−3 0.0000e+0 6.3706e−4 0.0000e+0 6.0037e−1
ZDT4 0.0000e+0 0.0000e+0 0.0000e+0 0.0000e+0 0.0000e+0 7.2178e−1
ZDT6 0.0000e+0 3.0307e−3 0.0000e+0 0.0000e+0 0.0000e+0 3.8964e−1