Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the study population according to the tertiles of serum lipoprotein(a).
| Characteristics | Non-DM | DM | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall (n = 6,252) | Tertile 1 ≤ 5.6 mg/dl (n = 2,071) | Tertile 2 5.7 ~ 15.0 mg/dl (n = 2,101) | Tertile 3 ≥ 15.1 mg/dl (n = 2,080) | p-valueb | Overall (n = 949) | Tertile 1 ≤ 4.8 mg/dl (n = 317) | Tertile 2 4.9 ~ 13.4 mg/dl (n = 317) | Tertile 3 ≥ 13.5 mg/dl (n = 315) | p-valueb | |
| Age, years | 53.9 ± 7.9 | 52.9 ± 7.8 | 54.1 ± 7.9 | 54.7 ± 7.9 | < 0.001 | 57.2 ± 7.4 | 56.1 ± 7.4 | 57.4 ± 7.2 | 58.2 ± 7.6 | 0.001 |
| Men, no. (%) | 4,010 (64.1) | 1,414 (68.3) | 1,325 (63.1) | 1,271 (61.1) | < 0.001 | 689 (72.6) | 248 (78.2) | 224 (70.7) | 217 (68.9) | 0.020 |
| Systolic BP, mmHg | 125.6 ± 13.3 | 126.0 ± 13.0 | 125.3 ± 13.1 | 125.5 ± 13.8 | 0.173 | 129.0 ± 13.0 | 129.4 ± 12.7 | 128.6 ± 13.0 | 128.9 ± 13.4 | 0.730 |
| Diastolic BP, mmHg | 78.8 ± 9.4 | 79.1 ± 9.3 | 78.7 ± 9.6 | 78.7 ± 9.3 | 0.265 | 79.5 ± 9.0 | 79.9 ± 8.6 | 79.4 ± 8.9 | 79.3 ± 9.5 | 0.689 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 24.1 ± 2.9 | 24.4 ± 3.0 | 24.1 ± 3.0 | 23.8 ± 2.8 | < 0.001 | 25.1 ± 3.1 | 25.4 ± 3.1 | 24.8 ± 3.1 | 25.0 ± 2.9 | 0.021 |
| Waist circumference, cm | 85.3 ± 7.8 | 86.1 ± 7.8 | 85.3 ± 7.9 | 84.7 ± 7.5 | < 0.001 | 88.3 ± 7.7 | 89.3 ± 7.8 | 87.7 ± 8.2 | 88.1 ± 7.2 | 0.027 |
| Obesity, no. (%) | 2,215 (35.4) | 825 (39.8) | 731 (34.8) | 659 (31.7) | < 0.001 | 448 (47.2) | 160 (50.5) | 138 (43.5) | 150 (47.6) | 0.213 |
| Hypertension, no. (%) | 1,984 (31.7) | 653 (31.5) | 676 (32.2) | 655 (31.5) | 0.867 | 487 (51.3) | 158 (49.8) | 172 (54.3) | 157 (49.8) | 0.439 |
| Hyperlipidemia, no. (%) | 1,031 (16.5) | 291 (14.1) | 319 (15.2) | 421 (20.2) | < 0.001 | 161 (17.0) | 51 (16.1) | 54 (17.0) | 56 (17.8) | 0.851 |
| Current smoker, no. (%) | 1,211 (19.5) | 468 (22.8) | 382 (18.3) | 361 (17.5) | < 0.001 | 257 (27.5) | 98 (31.3) | 84 (27.1) | 75 (24.2) | 0.135 |
| Family history of CADa, no. (%) | 628 (10.0) | 213 (10.3) | 214 (10.2) | 201 (9.7) | 0.774 | 78 (8.2) | 28 (8.8) | 32 (10.1) | 18 (5.7) | 0.119 |
| FBG, mg/dL | 90.8 ± 11.0 | 92.1 ± 11.1 | 90.3 ± 10.9 | 90.1 ± 10.8 | < 0.001 | 136.6 ± 37.0 | 143.1 ± 38.7 | 133.9 ± 32.7 | 132.7 ± 38.4 | 0.001 |
| Hemoglobin A1c, % | 5.4 ± 0.3 | 5.4 ± 0.4 | 5.4 ± 0.3 | 5.4 ± 0.3 | 0.782 | 7.1 ± 1.2 | 7.2 ± 1.2 | 7.1 ± 1.1 | 7.1 ± 1.2 | 0.258 |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 192.3 ± 35.7 | 187.3 ± 35.8 | 191.2 ± 35.3 | 198.4 ± 35.2 | < 0.001 | 174.6 ± 40.7 | 175.9 ± 39.8 | 176.4 ± 41.5 | 171.4 ± 40.7 | 0.237 |
| LDL cholesterol, mg/dL | 131.7 ± 33.8 | 126.1 ± 33.5 | 131.5 ± 33.3 | 137.6 ± 33.7 | < 0.001 | 116.2 ± 36.6 | 115.1 ± 34.8 | 119.5 ± 37.4 | 113.9 ± 37.3 | 0.131 |
| Corrected LDL cholesterol, mg/dL | 126.6 ± 33.6 | 124.9 ± 33.5 | 128.6 ± 33.3 | 126.3 ± 34.0 | 0.002 | 111.3 ± 37.1 | 114.1 ± 34.8 | 117.0 ± 37.4 | 102.7 ± 37.7 | < 0.001 |
| HDL cholesterol, mg/dL | 53.9 ± 15.3 | 52.5 ± 15.3 | 53.8 ± 14.6 | 55.4 ± 15.8 | < 0.001 | 48.2 ± 13.1 | 47.0 ± 12.6 | 48.3 ± 13.8 | 49.2 ± 12.7 | 0.098 |
| Triglyceride, mg/dL | 95.0 [66.0–140.0] | 107.0 [72.0–158.0] | 93.0 [65.0–135.0] | 90.0 [63.0–127.0] | < 0.001 | 114.0 [77.0–173.0] | 134.0 [87.5–213.5] | 109.0 [74.0–154.5] | 102.0 [70.0–146.0] | < 0.001 |
| Creatinine, mg/dL | 0.82 ± 0.17 | 0.82 ± 0.17 | 0.82 ± 0.17 | 0.82 ± 0.18 | 0.709 | 0.83 ± 0.18 | 0.83 ± 0.17 | 0.82 ± 0.18 | 0.83 ± 0.18 | 0.589 |
| Uric acid, mg/dL | 5.4 ± 1.3 | 5.4 ± 1.4 | 5.3 ± 1.3 | 5.3 ± 1.3 | 0.046 | 5.1 ± 1.3 | 5.1 ± 1.2 | 5.1 ± 1.3 | 5.1 ± 1.3 | 0.828 |
| Ejection fraction, % | 63.8 ± 4.4 | 63.7 ± 5.1 | 63.9 ± 4.0 | 63.9 ± 4.2 | 0.553 | 63.7 ± 4.2 | 63.7 ± 3.6 | 64.3 ± 4.5 | 63.2 ± 4.3 | 0.078 |
Values are shown as mean ± standard deviation or number (%).
Triglyceride values are presented as median [interquartile range].
aCoronary artery disease in a first-degree relative of any age.
bP-value is based on the comparison of the three groups.
BMI = body mass index; BP = blood pressure; CAD = coronary artery disease; DM = diabetes mellitus; FBG = fasting blood glucose; HDL = high density lipoprotein; LDL = low density lipoprotein.