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. 2025 Jul 2;15:22643. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-07866-x

Table 1.

GHG Emissions by Food Source (kg CO2e)

Sugar Oils & fats Fruits & vegetables Starchy roots Pulses Cereals & grains ASF Plant-based Cultured Meat/Fish
Eggs Dairy Meat Fish Eggs Dairy Meat/Fish
per 100g protein Inline graphic Inline graphic 5.4 7.2 0.6 3.5 4.2 9.7 13.6 7.2 1.6 1.8 1.6 2.5
per 1000 kcal 0.7 0.5 1.2 1.0 0.4 0.8 3.2 5.4 9.9 9.5 0.7 0.7 0.8 1.2

Notes: Kg CO2e GHG emissions per 1000 Kcal or per 100g of protein for each food source25,60.