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. 2025 Jul 1;15:21521. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-05780-w

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© The Author(s) 2025

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 6 — Application of the validated method in determination of PPIX levels in patient samples. Pharmacokinetic profiles of three patients enrolled in an ongoing SDT trial in plasma (A) and whole blood (B). Blood samples were taken at various time points after administration of a 10 mg/kg IV dose of 5-ALA. (C) Mean and individual levels of PPIX in patient plasma, whole blood, brain tumor (NET and ET regions shown) from 4 patients enrolled in clinical trial with identifier NCT05182905. Samples were obtained between 5–8 h after oral administration of 5-ALA (Gleolan, 20 mg/kg). (D) Individual levels of PPIX in patient intraoperative plasma and whole blood are correlated with their intraoperative brain tumor (ET) region as described in (C).