Table 3.

Demographic and clinical information of participants.

ID	Age (y)	Sex	Duration of Move-ments (y)	Clinical Syndrome	DDx for Hyperkinetic Movements	Other Movement Disorders	Body Parts Studied	Electrodiagnostic Tests Diagnosis	Electrodiagnostic Results vs. Clinical Diagnosis	Change in Diagnosis	Change in Treatment
1	76	F	11	Gait instability and stiffness on standing	Orthostatic tremor	N/a	Lower limbs	Orthostatic tremor	Confirmed	No	Yes; started clonazepam and ultimately underwent bilateral ViM deep brain stimulation surgery
2	48	F	2	Bilateral upper limb tremor with action and at rest and truncal tremor	Enhanced physiological tremor (highest), functional tremor, parkinsonian tremor	N/a	Upper limbs	Parkinsonian tremor	Narrowed	Yes	Yes; started levodopa, which was reported to be beneficial
3	75	F	2	Shaky movements of both hands and left leg with action	Myoclonus, tremor	Atypical parkinsonism	Upper and lower limbs	Orthostatic myoclonus and physiological tremor	Narrowed	Yes	Yes; started clonazepam, which was reported to be beneficial
4	70	F	15	Tremulous movements of legs and imbalance when standing	Orthostatic tremor, confounded by lower back pain and leg paresthesias	N/a	Lower limbs	Orthostatic tremor	Confirmed	No	No; continued clonazepam
5	79	M	21	Bilateral hand action tremor; shakiness/ unsteadiness when standing	Essential tremor plus, enhanced physiological tremor; possible orthostatic tremor but confounded in the setting of multiple comorbidities (peripheral neuropathy, cervical myelopathy, lumbar spinal degenerative disease)	Idiopathic Parkinson's disease (DaTscan positive)	Upper and lower limbs	Orthostatic myoclonus and physiological tremor	Narrowed	Yes	Yes; tried levetiracetam for treatment of movements, but it was not tolerated due to adverse effects
6	56	F	11	Bilateral upper limb action tremor	Enhanced physiological tremor, essential tremor	N/a	Upper limbs	Enhanced physiological tremor with a central component (essential tremor)	Confirmed	No	No; declined pharmacotherapy
7	43	M	10	Unilateral upper limb action tremor	Task-specific tremor, functional tremor	N/a	Upper limbs	Posture-specific tremor	Expanded	Yes	No; declined pharmacotherapy
8c	44	M	2	Unilateral upper limb tremor at rest and with action	Functional tremor (highest), parkinsonian tremor	Parkinson's disease	Upper limbs	Parkinsonian tremor	Narrowed	Yes	Yes; increased trihexyphenidyl, which was reported to be mildly beneficial, patient is considering focused ultrasound ablation or deep brain stimulation
9	80	F	8	Bilateral upper limb tremor with action; bilateral leg tremor when standing	Orthostatic tremor, orthostatic myoclonus	Dystonic head tremor	Upper and lower limbs	Slow orthostatic tremor	Narrowed	Yes	Yes; increased clonazepam
10	80	M	39	Bilateral leg discomfort when standing and postural instability	Orthostatic tremor, orthostatic myoclonus, possible dystonic posturing of lower limbs	N/a	Lower limbs	Orthostatic tremor	Narrowed	Yes	Yes; continued gabapentin, titrated off propranolol
11	13	M	2	Tremulous movements of both upper limbs with action	Myoclonus, tremor	N/a	Upper and lower limbs	Myoclonus	Narrowed	Yes	No; continued clobezam and levetiracetam for seizures/myoclonus
12	42	F	5	Unilateral upper limb tremor at rest and with action,	Holmes tremor, query dystonic tremor component	N/a	Upper limbs	Holmes tremor	Confirmed	No	No; underwent unilateral Vim and GPi deep brain stimulation surgery (already planned)
13	62	F	6	Bilateral upper limb action tremor	Essential tremor, query component of functional or dystonic tremor given marked asymmetry	N/a	Upper limbs	Dystonic tremor, could not exclude a component of functional tremor	Narrowed	Yes	Yes; avoided deep brain stimulation surgery, referred to occupational therapy, which was reported to be beneficial
14	44	F	4	Bilateral upper limb action tremor; bilateral lower limb tremor	Enhanced phyiological tremor, essential tremor; orthostatic tremor	N/a	Upper and lower limbs	Orthostatic tremor	Narrowed	Yes	No; declined pharmacotherapy
15	36	M	2	Bilateral upper and lower limb tremor at rest and with action	Functional tremor	N/a	Upper limbs	Functional tremor	Confirmed	No	No
16	54	F	13	Unilateral upper limb action tremor	Essential tremor, parkinsonian tremor, dystonic tremor	N/a	Upper limbs	Task-specific tremor	Expanded	Yes	No; declined pharmacotherapy
17b	71	F	16	Bilateral upper limb action tremor	Enhanced physiological tremor, essential tremor plus	N/a	Upper limbs	Essential tremor plus (questionable dystonic posturing) and enhanced physiological tremor	Confirmed	No	Yes; started primidone, which was reported to be beneficial
18	67	M	3	Bilateral upper limb action tremor	Enhanced physiological tremor, essential tremor	N/a	Upper limbs	Enhanced physiological tremor	Narrowed	Yes	No; declined pharmacotherapy
19	64	F	13	Bilateral upper limb action tremor; bilateral leg tremor when standing	Enhanced physiological tremor, essential tremor; orthostatic tremor	N/a	Upper and lower limbs	Orthostatic tremor and enhanced physiological tremor	Narrowed	Yes	Yes; increased clonazepam
20a	60	M	2	Unilateral hand action tremor after a stroke	Functional tremor, dystonic tremor	N/a	Upper limbs	Functional tremor	Narrowed	Yes	No
21	82	F	5	Unilateral hand action tremor	Primary writing tremor, dystonic tremor, functional tremor	N/a	Upper limbs	Task-specific tremor	Expanded	Yes	Yes; underwent unilateral ViM deep brain stimulation surgery
22	69	M	3	Asymmetrical bilateral hand action tremor	Enhanced physiological tremor, essential tremor, dystonic tremor	N/a	Upper limbs	Position-specific tremor and enhanced physiological tremor	Narrowed	Yes	No; declined pharmacotherapy
23	59	F	20	Bilateral leg tremor when standing	Orthostatic tremor, functional tremor	N/a	Lower limbs	Slow orthostatic tremor	Narrowed	Yes	No; declined pharmacotherapy
24	59	F	51	Bilateral hand action tremor and larger amplitude unilateral hand tremor much worse when writing	Essential tremor plus, enhanced physiological tremor, primary writing tremor, dystonic tremor	Primary writing dystonia	Upper limbs	Position-specific tremor	Narrowed	Yes	No; declined pharmacotherapy
25	57	M	3	Bilateral upper limb action tremor	Enhanced physiological tremor, essential tremor	N/a	Upper limbs	Essential tremor	Narrowed	Yes	Yes; treated with propranolol
26	20	M	15	Bilateral upper limb tremulous movements with action	Enhanced physiological tremor, essential tremor, functional tremor, myoclonus	N/a	Upper limbs	Functional tremor and enhanced physiological tremor	Narrowed	Yes	Yes; recommended counseling or hypnosis; no additional medications trialed
27	55	F	5	Unilateral hand tremor	Position-specific tremor, functional tremor	N/a	Upper limbs	Functional tremor	Narrowed	Yes	No
28	81	M	9	Bilateral upper limb action tremor	Essential tremor, functional tremor	N/a	Upper limbs	Essential tremor	Narrowed	Yes	No; propranolol continued, offered dose increase but patient declined
29	89	M	6	Right upper limb tremor at rest and with action	Functional tremor, parkinsonian tremor	Idiopathic Parkinson's disease (DaTscan positive)	Upper limbs	Functional tremor	Narrowed	Yes	Yes; avoided focused ultrasound ablation surgery
30	71	F	15	Bilateral upper limb action tremor and unilateral upper limb rest tremor	Essential tremor, functional tremor	N/a	Upper limbs	Essential tremor plus (rest tremor)	Expanded	Yes	N/a
31	74	F	6	Bilateral upper limb action tremor	Dystonic tremor, functional tremor	Parkinsonism (suspect drug-induced) and cervical dystonia	Upper limbs	Essential tremor plus	Expanded	Yes	N/a

Abbreviations and symbols.

Dx – diagnosis; DDx – Differential diagnosis; EP – electrophysiological.

a – Case 1; b – Case 2; c – Case 3.