Table 1.

Nanomaterial-modified concrete and their relevance to the present study.

Materials studied	Concrete type	Focus area	Methodology	Relevance to current study
Micro-silica, Nano- silica, Fly ash	Modified OPC concrete	Strength & Microstructure	Mechanical tests, SEM	Compared NS + micro fillers; no RSM or GO5
Nano-silica	High-temp resistant concrete	High temp resistance & microcracks	TGA, SEM, porosimetry	Focus on heat resistance only; single nano 6
Stabilized nano-silica, Silica fume	High performance concrete	Dispersion and strength gain	SEM, modulus test	Improved Strength with NS; no GO or NA7
Interface zone (SCI)	Reinforced concrete	SCI prep & nano- mechanics	SEM, Nano- indentation	SCI analysis only; no material comparison8
Nano-SiO2, Nano-Al2O3	Geopolymer concrete	Kinetics & microstructure in geopolymer	XRD, SEM, JMAK model	In geopolymer, not OPC; limited comparability9
Nano-TiO2	Reactive powder concrete (RPC)	Strength & conductivity	XRD, SEM, electrical tests	Only NT studied; no NS/NA/GO contrast10
Nano-graphene	Autoclaved aerated concrete	Strength, impact, and absorption	SEM, XRD, mechanical	Specialty AAC product; not conventional concrete11
UHPC, Heat curing	Ultra-high-performance concrete	Curing effects on microstructure	Nano-indentation, XRD, SEM	Curing focus in UHPC, no dosage optimization12
Nano-CaCO3	UHPC with steel fibers	Fiber bond & ITZ	BSEM, MIP, fiber pull-out	CaCO3 in UHPC, focus on fiber bond13
Nano-SiO2, Steel fiber	Steel fiber reinforced concrete	High-temp mechanicals, ITZ	XRD, SEM, HT testing	NS in SFRC; thermal focus, not multi- nano14
Nano-silica, Basalt fiber	Recycled concrete	Elevated temp performance	XRD, SEM	Uses NS + fiber in recycled mix; not mechanical-durability balance15
Nano-silica on RAC	Recycled aggregate concrete	RAC enhancement with NS treatment	SEM, physical pre-treatment	RAC quality improved by NS; lacks NS vs. NA vs. GO study16