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. 2025 Jul 1;15:22375. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-05265-w

Table 2.

Mix design proportions for 1 m3 of concrete (binder and aggregate quantities for control and nano-modified mixes).

Mix ID Cement (kg) NS (kg) NA (kg) GO (kg) Water (kg) w/c Fine Agg (kg) Coarse Agg (kg)
Control 400 0 0 0 160 0.40 700 1100
NS-1% 396 4.0 0 0 160 0.40 700 1100
NS-2% 392 8.0 0 0 160 0.40 700 1100
NS-3% 388 12.0 0 0 160 0.40 700 1100
NA-1% 396 0 4.0 0 160 0.40 700 1100
NA-2% 392 0 8.0 0 160 0.40 700 1100
NA-3% 388 0 12.0 0 160 0.40 700 1100
GO-0.05% 399.8 0 0 0.2 160 0.40 700 1100
GO-0.10% 399.6 0 0 0.4 160 0.40 700 1100
GO-0.15% 399.4 0 0 0.6 160 0.40 700 1100