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. 2025 Jul 1;15:21874. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-08043-w

Table 3.

Participants responses, clinical testing and examination.

Parameters Number answered Answers (n, %)*
Normal Abnormal
Hysterosalpingography 4219 3457 81.9 **811 19.2
Tubal patency test (air/water) 1647 1382 83.9 ***270 16.4
Hysteroscopy 1618 1158 71.6 ****512 31.6
Laparoscopy 421 280 66.5 *****188 44.7
Huhner test 2411 1870 77.6 541 22.4

* More than one answer may have been selected.

**includes abnormalities of oviduct, uterus, and peritoneal cavity.

***includes abnormalities of oviduct transparency and uterus.

****includes endometrial polyp, myoma, chronic endometritis, and closure of oviduct opening.

*****includes peritoneal adhesion, myoma, ovarian tumor, and abnormalities of oviduct.