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. 2025 Jul 1;25:376. doi: 10.1186/s12886-025-04172-y

Table 2.

GEEs analysis for changes of UDVA, BCVA, spherical error, and cylindrical error after TPTK-ACXL and TG-TPRK-ACXL at 12 months postoperatively

Parameter ΔUDVA (logMAR) ΔBCVA (logMAR) ΔSpherical error (D) ΔCylindrical error (D)
β-coefficient 95% CI P-value β-coefficient 95% CI P-value β-coefficient 95% CI P-value β-coefficient 95% CI P-value
TPTK 0.224 0.081 to 0.366 0.002 -0.117 -0.193 to -0.041 0.002 -1.117 -5.678 to 3.444 0.230 -0.664 -3.668 to 2.341 0.665
TGTPRK 0b 0b 0b 0b
< 18y 0.022 -0.171 to 0.215 0.823 -0.155 -0.303 to -0.008 0.039 0.622 -2.821 to 4.066 0.125 -3.757 -5.925 to -1.589 0.001
≥ 18y 0b 0b 0b 0b
Male 0.093 -0.066 to 0.252 0.249 0.047 -0.058 to 0.152 0.382 -0.176 -2.670 to 2.317 0.019 -0.840 -3.033 to 1.353 0.453
Female 0b 0b 0b 0b
UDVA (logMAR) 0.230 -0.090 to 0.549 0.158 -0.088 -0.211 to 0.035 0.160 1.152 -1.361 to 3.666 0.808 0.108 -3.022 to 3.239 0.946
BCVA (logMAR) -0.289 -0.696 to 0.119 0.165 0.183 0.007 t0 0.359 0.042 0.475 -5.544 to 6.494 0.024 0.396 -5.089 to 5.882 0.887
Spherical error (D) -0.012 -0.046 to 0.022 0.490 0.002 -0.014 to 0.019 0.788 0.129 -0.409 to 0.668 0.222 0.028 -0.295 to 0.351 0.865
Cylindrical error (D) -0.006 -0.070 to 0.058 0.848 -0.016 -0.045 to 0.013 0.268 -0.102 -0.434 to 0.230 0.364 -0.014 -0.37 to 0.343 0.940
CCT (µm) -0.014 -0.028 to 0.000 0.048 0.001 -0.005 to 0.006 0.784 0.032 -0.058 to 0.122 0.488 0.021 -0.082 to 0.124 0.688
TCT (µm) 0.015 -0.001 to 0.031 0.066 0.000 -0.006 to 0.006 0.891 0.048 -0.037 to 0.133 1.213 0.065 -0.048 to 0.178 0.256
Kf (D) -3.289 -5.115 to -1.463 0.000 -0.357 -1.136 to 0.422 0.369 -8.745 -18.997 to 1.508 2.795 9.462 0.353 to 18.572 0.042
Ks (D) 3.336 1.463 to 5.209 0.000 0.419 -0.374 to 1.212 0.301 8.879 -2.965 to 20.722 2.159 -9.765 -19.182 to -0.348 0.042
Kmax (D) -0.005 -0.051 to 0.042 0.840 0.019 -0.016 to 0.054 0.288 0.168 -0.437 to 0.773 0.296 -0.308 -1.091 to 0.475 0.440
IS 0.022 -0.046 t 0.090 0.532 0.009 0.001 to 0.018 0.031 -0.141 -0.912 to 0.629 0.129 -0.674 -1.53 to 0.181 0.122
Corneal astigmatism (D) -3.213 -5.045 to -1.381 0.001 -0.369 -1.154 to 0.415 0.356 -8.954 -20.131 to 2.222 2.466 10.037 0.768 to 19.307 0.034
ISV -0.021 -0.036 to -0.005 0.011 -0.016 -0.026 to − 0.006 0.002 0.008 -0.317 to 0.332 0.002 0.151 -0.105 to 0.408 0.248
IVA 1.180 -0.446 to 2.806 0.155 1.382 0.261 to 2.503 0.016 3.803 -40.802 to 48.407 0.028 -12.082 -33.531 to 9.368 0.270
IHA -0.003 -0.008 to 0.003 0.299 -0.003 -0.006 to 0.000 0.095 -0.028 -0.054 to -0.002 4.332 -0.018 -0.045 to 0.01 0.210
IHD 2.478 -6.413 to 11.369 0.585 -4.553 -11.365 to 2.258 0.190 -17.425 -268.805 to 233.954 0.018 86.911 -14.746 to 188.568 0.094

a The β-coefficient refers to how a dependent variable will change per unit increase in the predictor variable

b Comparison reference group