2. Occurrence of Main Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) on Water Matrices from Different Sampling Sites on the Brazilian Territory.
| Sampling site | Chemical | Concentration range (ng L–1) | Frequency of detection and number of samples | Ref. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Southeastern region | surface water from Piraí and Jundiaí rivers (Jundiaí River Basin-SP) | diclofenac | 9.11–328.5 | 79% (n = 42) | |
| ibuprofen | 3.33–208.2 | 69% (n = 42) | |||
| naproxen | 5.14–98.6 | 93% (n = 28) | |||
| surface water from Piraí and Jundiaí rivers (Jundiaí River Basin-SP) | diclofenac | 4.88–364 | 100% (n = 24) | ||
| ibuprofen | 6.75–373 | 100% (n = 24) | |||
| naproxen | 5.67–145 | 100% (n = 24) | |||
| surface water from urban drainage channel in São Vicent Island (SP) | diclofenac | 1.1–2.5 | 100% (n = 5) | ||
| surface water from urban drainage channel in Santos beaches (Santos-SP) | diclofenac | 1.9–3.5 | 100% (n = 7) | ||
| surface water from urban drainage channel in Guarujá beach (SP) | diclofenac | 0.9–79.8 | 100% (n = 8) | ||
| surface- and bottom water around the coastal submarine sewage outfall in Guarujá (Santos-SP) | diclofenac | 3.6–85.7 | 75% (n = 8) | ||
| surface water from coastal rivers in São Paulo coast (SP) | diclofenac | 0.76–3.93 | 100% (n = 5) | ||
| surface- and bottom water from Santos Bay (Santos-SP) | diclofenac | 19.4 | 100% (n = 10) | ||
| ibuprofen | 326.1–2094.4 | 100% (n = 10) | |||
| surface water from Lobo reservoir (Itirapina-SP) | diclofenac | 50 | 71.4% (n = 30) | ||
| ibuprofen | 130 | 42.8% (n = 30) | |||
| naproxen | 100 | 85.7% (n = 30) | |||
| surface water from Monjolinho River (São Carlos-SP) | diclofenac | 22.4–385.6 | 60% (n = 126) | ||
| ibuprofen | 45.7–743.9 | 60% (n = 126) | |||
| naproxen | 2.9–655.2 | 60% (n = 126) | |||
| surface water from Itaipu-Piratininga coastal lagoons (Niterói-RJ) | ibuprofen | 27.6–37.6 | 50% (n = 4) | ||
| naproxen | 16.3–22.5 | 50% (n = 4) | |||
| surface water from rivers (Rio de Janeiro-RJ) | diclofenac | 220 | 20% (n = 5) | ||
| surface water from João Mendes River basin (Niterói-RJ) | ibuprofen | 1300–10,700 | 100% (n = 16) | ||
| surface water from Paraopeba River Basin (MG) | diclofenac | 136.6–2625.7 | 100% (n = 12) | ||
| surface water from Paraopeba River Basin (MG) | diclofenac | 6.3–561.0 | 30% (n = 60) | ||
| ibuprofen | 5.6–1683.9 | 62% (n = 60) | |||
| naproxen | 4.7–938.4 | 87% (n = 60) | |||
| water from drinking water treatment plants (MG) | ibuprofen | 302–333 | 47% (n = 152) | ||
| ketoprofen | 22–1020 | 92% (n = 152) | |||
| surface water from water supply systems (Belo Horizonte-MG) | diclofenac | 1115.2 | 6% (n = 252) | ||
| ibuprofen | 1629.2 | 65% (n = 252) | |||
| naproxen | 26,566.2 | 23% (n = 252) | |||
| Southern region | surface water from Alto Iguaçu watershed (Curitiba-PR) | diclofenac | 34–285 | 90% (n = 120) | |
| ibuprofen | 102–370 | 50% (n = 120) | |||
| surface water from Iguaçu River (Curitiba-PR) | ketoprofen | 620 | 18% (n = 64) | ||
| naproxen | 340 | 34% (n = 64) | |||
| surface water from Tibagi River (PR) | diclofenac | 8.0–375.0 | 46% (n = 13) | ||
| naproxen | 62.6–1566.4 | 54% (n = 13) | |||
| surface water from Lake Guaíba (Porto Alegre-RS) | diclofenac | 29–107 | 83% (n = 35) | ||
| ibuprofen | 274–387 | 14% (n = 35) | |||
| ketoprofen | <21.0 | 43% (n = 35) | |||
| naproxen | <21.0 | 17% (n = 35) | |||
| surface water from urban rivers (Porto Alegre-RS) | diclofenac | <1.0 | 52% (n = 54) | ||
| naproxen | <1.0 | 22% (n = 54) | |||
| surface water from Cancela-Tamandaí and João Goulart watershed (Santa Maria-RS) | ibuprofen | 200–2710 | 85% (n = 20) | ||
| estuarine water from Santa Catarina coastal area (SC) | diclofenac | 1.40–7.92 | 100% (n = 8) | ||
| Midwestern region | surface water from Stream of Onça (Três Lagoas-MS) | diclofenac | 120–8250 | 89% (n = 72) | |
| naproxen | 80–21,285 | 58% (n = 72) | |||
| surface water from streams in Dourados (MS) | diclofenac | 7–849 | 90% (n = 84) | ||
| naproxen | 9–681 | 97% (n = 84) | |||
| drinking water (Brasília-DF) | diclofenac | 4.2–6.03 | 14% (n = 14) | ||
| ibuprofen | 4.0–4.8 | 29% (n = 14) | |||
| Northeast region | surface water from Beberibe River Basin (Recife-PE) | diclofenac | 19–193,000 | 100% (n = 12) | |
| surface water from São Francisco River (PE) | diclofenac | 607,920–759,060 | 76% (n = 36) | ||
| ibuprofen | 88,020–785,280 | 67% (n = 36) | |||
| surface water from Anil and Bacanga rivers (São Luis-MA) | diclofenac | 105–463 | 36% (n = 28) | ||
| ibuprofen | 113–320 | 54% (n = 28) | |||
| Northern region | surface water from Igarapé do 40, Igarapé Mindu and Rio Negro (Manaus-AM) | diclofenac | 63–785 | 44% (n = 16) | |
| water from Bolonha Water Treatment Plant (Belém-PA) | ibuprofen | 9.1 | 8% (n = 12) | ||
| naproxen | 351.8 | 8% (n = 12) | |||
a
Single concentration.
b
Maximum concentration.