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. 2025 Jul 3;25:845. doi: 10.1186/s12870-025-06814-1

Table 3.

Effect of precipitation levels and cropping system of invasive and native weeds on plant height and biomass

Treatment Chlorophyll Plant Height Wet Biomass Dry Biomass
Precipitation level (P) Aug Oct Dec Aug Oct Dec Shoot Root Shoot Root
PL 36.0B 36.4B 33.6B 7.18B 16.6B 23.8B 18.5B 21.7B 6.36 C 6.55 C
PN 35.7 C 37.8 A 35.4 A 8.25 A 21.3 A 30.0 A 20.9 A 26.4 A 11.5 A 14.3 A
PH 37.3 A 35.8 C 34.7 A 5.01 C 15.8 C 23.0 C 9.77 C 9.04B 10.5B 13.3B
Cropping system (CS)
SC 38.9 A 37.0B 36.4 A 8.80 A 26.5 A 35.4B 18.7B 28.8 A 13.0 A 20.5 A
WC 34.8D 37.8 A 34.0 C 5.68 C 11.5 C 16.6 C 28.6 A 23.2B 11.4B 11.7B
I-SC 35.2 C 36.1 C 34.7B 7.41B 23.9B 36.3 A 8.55D 10.52 C 6.81 C 8.18 C
I-WC 36.5D 35.7D 33.0D 5.36 C 9.63D 14.1D 9.61 C 8.06D 6.59 C 5.04D
Interaction (P × CS)
PL SC 38.6b 35.5e 34.4c 9.89ab 25.9c 32.7d 26.3b 26.2c 9.09e 13.0d
PL WC 34.4 g 38.8b 33.4d 5.82de 9.30i 15.3 h 24.9c 20.7d 6.14 h 3.85j
PL I-SC 34.9 fg 35.8e 34.7c 7.64c 23.7d 35.4c 9.97 g 12.13f 5.18i 5.39i
PL I-WC 36.2d 35.4e 32.0e 5.38ef 7.30j 11.7j 12.98e 10.83 g 5.03i 3.90j
PN SC 38.4b 40.6a 38.5a 10.6a 27.6b 38.2b 17.0d 44.1a 17.2a 22.0b
PN WC 33.7 h 36.8d 34.6e 6.90 cd 14.1f 21.5f 50.2a 42.3b 12.0d 20.2c
PN I-SC 34.9f 36.8d 34.8e 9.10b 31.2a 42.1a 7.55ij 12.10f 7.90f 9.85f
PN I-WC 35.7e 36.8d 33.7d 6.40cde 12.3 g 18.0 g 8.78 h 7.15hi 8.99e 5.09i
PH SC 39.6a 35.0e 36.4b 5.90de 25.9c 35.2c 13.0e 16.1e 12.8c 26.4a
PH WC 36.3d 37.7c 34.1c 4.33f 11.1 h 13.1i 10.86f 6.50ij 16.1b 11.2e
PH I-SC 35.6e 35.6e 34.7c 5.50ef 16.9e 31.3e 8.13hi 7.32 h 7.34 g 9.31 g
PH I-WC 37.6c 34.8f 33.4d 4.30f 9.30i 12.5ij 7.08j 6.19j 5.73 h 6.11 h
ANOVA DF P P P P P P P P P P
P 2 416*** 93.0*** 68.9*** 37.0*** 1708*** 768*** 2232*** 3100*** 1376*** 3011***
CS 3 781*** 101*** 130*** 42.5*** 4914*** 3880*** 5031*** 5880*** 811.6**** 3851***
P × CS 6 14.4*** 102*** 20.6*** 2.84* 215*** 31.5*** 2019*** 2084*** 152.0*** 480.2***

Lowercase letters indicate significant for the interaction of precipitation levels and cropping system variability (p < 0.05). Uppercase letters indicate variability between nutrient levels and cropping system (p < 0.05). Precipitation (P), cropping system (CS), Precipitation × cropping system (P × CS), low precipitation (PL), normal precipitation (PN) and high precipitation (PH); control (CK); pot having no plant, invasive S. canadensis mono-cropping (SC), native Wedelia chinesis mono-cropping (WC), invasive intercropping (I-SC), native intercropping system (I-WC)