Table 2.
Adjusted associations with coexisting forms of malnutrition among children aged 6–59 months in South and Southeast Asian countries, based on the most recent data
| Variable | Category | CUW | CUS | CUWS | CSO | CAO | CAU | CAS |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95%CI) | OR (95%CI) | OR (95%CI) | OR (95%CI) | OR (95%CI) | OR (95%CI) | OR (95%CI) | ||
| Wealth Index | Poorest | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Poorer | 1.09 (0.84–1.41) | 0.88 (0.74–1.06) | 0.88 (0.66–1.18) | 1.02 (0.59–1.78) | 1.28 (0.76–2.17) | 0.98 (0.83–1.16) | 0.88 (0.75–1.03) | |
| Middle | 0.96 (0.73–1.26) | 0.85 (0.70–1.02) | 0.67 (0.48–0.92) | 0.89 (0.47–1.66) | 0.98 (0.54–1.79) | 0.84 (0.69–1.02) | 0.86 (0.72–1.02) | |
| Richer | 0.83 (0.58–1.19) | 0.77 (0.61–0.97) | 0.95 (0.66–1.37) | 0.79 (0.34–1.80) | 1.01 (0.47–2.18) | 0.86 (0.68–1.09) | 0.82 (0.65–1.02) | |
| Richest | 0.60 (0.39–0.92) | 0.70 (0.50–0.98) | 0.92 (0.55–1.56) | 0.91 (0.42–1.96) | 1.31 (0.57-3.00) | 0.68 (0.49–0.94) | 0.70 (0.52–0.93) | |
| Residence | Rural | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Urban | 0.80 (0.61–1.06) | 0.96 (0.77–1.20) | 0.99 (0.73–1.34) | 1.38 (0.79–2.44) | 1.06 (0.57–1.99) | 0.77 (0.62–0.95) | 0.92 (0.76–1.13) | |
| Number of living children | 1 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| 2 | 1.30 (0.83–2.05) | 0.94 (0.71–1.26) | 1.68 (0.91–3.10) | 0.57 (0.14–2.27) | 0.46 (0.14–1.52) | 1.13 (0.82–1.55) | 0.85 (0.64–1.14) | |
| ≥ 3 | 1.25 (0.68–2.31) | 1.18 (0.73–1.90) | 1.72 (0.79–3.74) | 0.52 (0.10–2.73) | 0.26 (0.08–0.85) | 1.20 (0.73–1.97) | 0.90 (0.56–1.43) | |
| Age of mother(years) | <20 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| 20–34 | 1.43 (0.67–3.06) | 0.81 (0.53–1.25) | 1.04 (0.47–2.29) | 1.36 (0.34–5.39) | 0.75 (0.25–2.25) | 1.01 (0.64–1.61) | 0.83 (0.58–1.19) | |
| ≥ 35 | 1.48 (0.66–3.35) | 0.62 (0.39–0.99) | 1.03 (0.43–2.47) | 0.65 (0.14–3.02) | 0.60 (0.17–2.09) | 0.84 (0.51–1.39) | 0.65 (0.43–0.98) | |
| Maternal work status | Unemployed | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Employed | 1.01 (0.81–1.27) | 0.95 (0.81–1.11) | 0.78 (0.59–1.02) | 0.88 (0.58–1.33) | 0.89 (0.55–1.46) | 0.89 (0.76–1.04) | 1.05 (0.91–1.20) | |
| Maternal education | No education | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Primary | 1.25 (0.89–1.74) | 0.88 (0.71–1.08) | 0.90 (0.63–1.30) | 0.38 (0.19–0.74) * | 0.50 (0.28–0.88) | 0.87 (0.71–1.07) | 0.74 (0.62–0.89) * | |
| Secondary | 1.21 (0.89–1.65) | 0.72 (0.59–0.89) * | 0.69 (0.47–1.01) | 0.64 (0.37–1.11) | 0.76 (0.44–1.29) | 0.71 (0.58–0.87) * | 0.60 (0.50–0.73) * | |
| Higher | 1.10 (0.71–1.71) | 0.56 (0.39–0.80) * | 0.38 (0.19–0.77) * | 0.77 (0.39–1.54) | 0.65 (0.28–1.55) | 0.58 (0.41–0.82) * | 0.44 (0.32–0.60) * | |
| Paternal education | No education | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Primary | 0.74 (0.53–1.03) | 0.78 (0.61–0.99) | 0.73 (0.51–1.04) | 1.10 (0.57–2.15) | 0.75 (0.41–1.38) | 0.70 (0.57–0.87) * | 0.82 (0.68–0.99) | |
| Secondary | 0.89 (0.65–1.23) | 0.78 (0.62–0.98) | 0.90 (0.64–1.25) | 1.19 (0.64–2.22) | 1.00 (0.58–1.73) | 0.66 (0.54–0.81) * | 0.73 (0.60–0.88) * | |
| Higher | 0.66 (0.41–1.08) | 0.81 (0.56–1.18) | 0.50 (0.28–0.91) | 1.73 (0.86–3.47) | 2.02 (0.96–4.23) | 0.70 (0.50-1.00) | 0.91 (0.66–1.25) | |
| Sex of children | Female | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Male | 0.95 (0.79–1.14) | 1.12 (0.98–1.28) | 0.67 (0.54–0.84) * | 1.02 (0.71–1.47) | 0.72 (0.50–1.02) | 0.95 (0.84–1.08) | 0.88 (0.78–0.99) | |
| Age of children (months) | 6–23 mo. | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| 24–59 mo. | 0.89 (0.73–1.08) | 1.84 (1.56–2.18) * | 0.84 (0.66–1.06) | 0.42 (0.30–0.59) * | 0.35 (0.25–0.49) * | 0.91 (0.78–1.07) | 0.86 (0.75–0.99) | |
| Birth order number | First | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Second | 0.90 (0.59–1.37) | 1.24 (0.95–1.62) | 0.64 (0.37–1.09) | 1.65 (0.43–6.38) | 2.5 (0.76–8.24) | 1.04 (0.77–1.41) | 1.31 (0.99–1.73) | |
| Third & more | 1.04 (0.62–1.76) | 1.16 (0.77–1.74) | 0.78 (0.40–1.54) | 1.19 (0.24–5.86) | 2.63 (0.78–8.86) | 1.18 (0.78–1.78) | 1.38 (0.91–2.09) | |
| Ever breastfed | No | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Yes | 0.75 (0.47–1.19) | 1.08 (0.79–1.47) | 1.19 (0.73–1.95) | 1.00 (0.44–2.29) | 0.68 (0.32–1.44) | 1.02 (0.78–1.33) | 0.96 (0.77–1.19) | |
| Country | India | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Maldives | 0.55 (0.37–0.82) * | 0.42 (0.30–0.58) * | 0.40 (0.22–0.70) * | 0.36 (0.18–0.72) * | 0.91 (0.52–1.59) | 0.40 (0.30–0.53) * | 0.28 (0.21–0.37) * | |
| Myanmar | 0.39 (0.29–0.53) * | 0.83 (0.69–0.99) | 0.27 (0.19–0.38) * | 0.45 (0.18–1.12) | 0.85 (0.46–1.56) | 0.50 (0.43–0.60) * | 0.59 (0.51–0.69) * | |
| Nepal | 0.40 (0.27–0.59) * | 0.66 (0.51–0.85) * | 0.68 (0.46–0.98) | 0.00 (0.00–0.00) * | 0.23 (0.08–0.66) * | 0.45 (0.35–0.58) * | 0.45 (0.37–0.56) * | |
| Timor-Leste | 1.19 (0.96–1.49) | 1.50 (1.19–1.89) * | 1.49 (1.14–1.94) * | 2.48 (1.58–3.90) * | 1.36 (0.78–2.39) | 0.71 (0.56–0.91) * | 0.65 (0.51–0.83) * |
Abbreviations: CUW: coexistence of underweight with wasting; CUS: coexistence of underweight with stunting; CUWS: coexistence of underweight with both wasting and stunting; CSO: coexistence of stunting with overweight/obesity; CAO: coexistence of anemia with overweight/obesity; CAU: coexistence of anemia with underweight; CAS: coexistence of anemia with stunting. Weighted multivariable logistic regression models with country fixed effects were used to assess the association of potential factors with child CFM. P<0.05. *Bonferroni-corrected P < 0.007