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. 2025 Jul 4;15:23948. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-03459-w

Table 3.

Results on Digits-MLT.

Algorithm F1-Score (by domain) Accuracy (by domain) Accuracy (by shot)
Average Worst Average Worst Many Medium Few Zero
IRM 0.079 0.031 0.147 0.101 0.278 0.003 0.036 − 1
DANN 0.646 0.612 0.649 0.614 0.761 0.557 0.508 − 1
CDANN 0.584 0.511 0.596 0.526 0.784 0.476 0.307 − 1
CORAL 0.605 0.538 0.622 0.562 0.815 0.517 0.298 − 1
MMD 0.029 0.028 0.094 0.088 0.080 0.000 0.269 − 1
Focal 0.506 0.423 0.537 0.466 0.774 0.362 0.207 − 1
CBLoss 0.488 0.359 0.515 0.389 0.715 0.422 0.151 − 1
LDAM 0.546 0.400 0.577 0.446 0.792 0.472 0.197 − 1
Bsoftmax 0.595 0.485 0.604 0.501 0.718 0.577 0.359 − 1
CRT(2-stage training) 0.531 0.451 0.562 0.490 0.787 0.448 0.171 − 1
BoDA 0.556 0.458 0.583 0.495 0.814 0.439 0.222 − 1
BoDA(2-stage training) 0.601 0.539 0.617 0.554 0.810 0.504 0.303 − 1
ERM 0.479 0.372 0.524 0.433 0.787 0.360 0.111 − 1
GroupDRO 0.474 0.444 0.522 0.495 0.806 0.342 0.084 − 1
Mixup 0.571 0.454 0.593 0.487 0.804 0.476 0.240 − 1
SagNet 0.565 0.521 0.594 0.552 0.837 0.472 0.172 − 1
MLDG 0.485 0.385 0.530 0.438 0.789 0.392 0.088 − 1
MTL 0.479 0.362 0.522 0.415 0.782 0.368 0.102 − 1
Fish 0.449 0.368 0.498 0.421 0.771 0.324 0.075 − 1
BRL(ours) 0.672 0.630 0.675 0.635 0.781 0.608 0.511 − 1
BRL(2-stage training) 0.674 0.633 0.679 0.639 0.791 0.620 0.488 − 1