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. 2025 Jul 4;15:23948. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-03459-w

Table 4.

Results on VLCS-MLT.

Algorithm F1-Score (by domain) Accuracy (by domain) Accuracy (by shot)
Average Worst Average Worst Many Medium Few Zero
IRM 0.758 0.512 0.765 0.527 0.842 0.760 − 1 0.395
DANN 0.710 0.413 0.726 0.453 0.814 0.713 − 1 0.307
CDANN 0.726 0.477 0.743 0.493 0.828 0.740 − 1 0.302
CORAL 0.779 0.559 0.788 0.568 0.867 0.787 − 1 0.390
MMD 0.778 0.554 0.788 0.554 0.861 0.813 − 1 0.369
Focal 0.785 0.589 0.794 0.601 0.867 0.813 − 1 0.390
CBLoss 0.785 0.557 0.794 0.568 0.864 0.807 − 1 0.414
LDAM 0.774 0.558 0.781 0.554 0.861 0.787 − 1 0.362
Bsoftmax 0.818 0.647 0.824 0.655 0.867 0.873 − 1 0.524
CRT (2-stage training) 0.793 0.567 0.803 0.574 0.881 0.800 − 1 0.407
BoDA 0.779 0.578 0.789 0.595 0.869 0.800 − 1 0.362
BoDA (2-stage training) 0.804 0.629 0.812 0.635 0.881 0.833 − 1 0.426
ERM 0.775 0.530 0.785 0.547 0.869 0.760 − 1 0.407
GroupDRO 0.781 0.549 0.790 0.568 0.867 0.787 − 1 0.419
Mixup 0.769 0.522 0.778 0.520 0.861 0.780 − 1 0.350
SagNet 0.766 0.542 0.771 0.547 0.861 0.747 − 1 0.374
MLDG 0.777 0.524 0.782 0.520 0.864 0.753 − 1 0.419
MTL 0.776 0.543 0.782 0.554 0.861 0.787 − 1 0.383
Fish 0.774 0.549 0.782 0.554 0.872 0.767 − 1 0.362
BRL (ours) 0.813 0.641 0.809 0.635 0.847 0.840 − 1 0.581
BRL (2-stage training) 0.807 0.619 0.803 0.615 0.850 0.820 − 1 0.564