Codon bypassing by the charge-flip variant RF proteins. In vitro peptide release activity of charge-flip variants of RF2 (A), as shown in Fig. 2, and RF1 (B) were used to estimate the relative specificity (RS) value representing the relative termination frequency at each indicated codon compared with the relevant cognate codon (i.e., UGA for RF2 variants and UAA for RF1 variants). RF samples: 1, wild-type RF2; 2, E149K variant RF2; 3, E170K variant RF2; 4, E149K E170K variant RF2; 5, wild-type RF1; 6, E140K variant RF1; 7, E153K variant RF1.