Table 2.

Psychosocial, behavioral, and medical factors associated with GDM

	aOR (95% CI)a
Psychosocial factors (Model 1)b
Experience of discrimination
Low	Ref
Moderate	1.19 (0.90–1.57)
High	1.64 (1.14–2.36)
Parents with a history of diabetes	2.20 (1.76–2.76)
Non-English primary language	2.41 (1.24–4.69)
Behavioral factors (Model 2)c
Prepregnancy counseling about gestational weight gain	1.41 (1.17–1.86)
Daily calorie intake (per 500 kcal)	1.13 (1.05–1.22)
Daily fiber intake (per 5 g)	0.89 (0.80–0.99)
Proportion of calories from fat (per 10%)	1.25 (1.03–1.52)
Medical factors (Model 3)d
Maternal age (per 5 y)	1.55 (1.41–1.70)
Prepregnancy BMI (per 5 kg/m2)	1.24 (1.06–1.45)
Waist circumference (per 10 cm)	1.21 (1.04–1.40)
Chronic hypertension	1.65 (1.04–2.63)

Abbreviations: aOR, adjusted odds ratio; BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval; GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus.

^aEstimates adjusted for all factors that remained in final parsimonious models after backward selection shown above.

^bPsychosocial factors considered: married, poverty, insurance, education, employment, language, Cohen’s perceived stress scale, Krieger racism scale, Conner–Davidson resilience scale, multidimensional scale of perceived social support, health literacy, EPDS, family history of diabetes. No evidence of interaction with race.

^cBehavioral factors considered: planned pregnancy, prepregnancy weight counseling, physical activity, tobacco use, daily glycemic load, daily glycemic index, total daily calories, total carbohydrates, total protein, total fat, total dietary fiber, % calories from carbohydrates, % calories from protein, % calories from fat, Healthy Eating Index 2010. Evidence of interaction between % daily fat and race only (p = 0.03).

^dMedical factors considered: maternal age, prepregnancy BMI, waist circumference at the first visit, chronic hypertension, asthma, PCOS. No evidence of interaction with race (p > 0.1 for all).