Table 2. General characteristics according to the study population by gender.
TG, triglyceride; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; TG/HDL, triglyceride/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio; h, hours.
Data are presented as mean ± standard error or the number of sample size and its percentage.
The percentages used in this table reflect weighted percentages derived from data obtained through a complex sampling design.
Independent t-test for continuous variables and chi-squared test for categorical variables were used.
| Total | Male participants | Female participants | ||
| n = 10,562 | n = 4,611 | n = 5,951 | p-value | |
| Age, years | 45.8 ± 0.3 | 44.8 ± 0.4 | 46.7 ± 0.4 | < 0.001 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 23.9 ± 0.1 | 24.7 ± 0.1 | 23.2 ± 0.1 | < 0.001 |
| Household income, n (%) | n = 10,562 | n = 4,597 | n = 5,929 | < 0.001 |
| Low | 1978 (14.5) | 775 (12.8) | 1203 (16.1) | |
| Low middle | 2642 (23.6) | 1140 (23.2) | 1502 (24.1) | |
| Middle high | 2823 (28.6) | 1269 (29.4) | 1554 (27.9) | |
| High | 3083 (33.3) | 1413 (34.6) | 1670 (31.9) | |
| Education level, n (%) | n = 9,933 | n = 4,343 | n = 5,590 | < 0.001 |
| ≤Elementary school | 2077 (14.7) | 720 (11.1) | 1357 (18.3) | |
| Middle school | 1144 (10.1) | 508 (9.9) | 636 (10.2) | |
| High school | 3156 (34.6) | 1472 (36.6) | 1684 (32.6) | |
| ≥College | 3556 (40.6) | 1643 (42.4) | 1913 (38.8) | |
| Smoking status, n (%) | n = 10,465 | n = 4,573 | n = 5,892 | < 0.001 |
| Never | 6665 (60.2) | 1440 (32.8) | 5225 (87.6) | |
| Former | 2216 (22.1) | 1833 (37.3) | 383 (6.9) | |
| Current | 1584 (17.8) | 1300 (30.0) | 284 (5.5) | |
| Drinking status, n (%) | n = 10,470 | n = 4,575 | n = 5,895 | < 0.001 |
| < 2 times per week | 8522 (80.1) | 3212 (70.7) | 5310 (89.5) | |
| ≥2 times per week | 1948 (19.9) | 1363 (29.3) | 585 (10.5) | |
| Physical activity, n (%) | n = 9,214 | n = 3,956 | n = 5,258 | < 0.001 |
| No | 5270 (54.8) | 2093 (50.9) | 3177 (58.6) | |
| Yes | 3944 (45.2) | 1863 (49.1) | 2081 (41.4) | |
| Diabetes, n (%) | n = 10,561 | n = 4,611 | n = 5,950 | 0.068 |
| No | 9537 (92.4) | 4129 (91.9) | 5408 (92.9) | |
| Yes | 1024 (7.6) | 482 (8.1) | 542 (7.1) | |
| Hypertension, n (%) | n = 10,562 | n = 4,611 | n = 5,951 | 0.186 |
| No | 8133 (82.1) | 3546 (82.0) | 4587 (82.3) | |
| Yes | 2429 (17.9) | 1065 (18.0) | 1364 (17.7) | |
| Statin use, n (%) | n = 10,561 | n = 4,610 | n = 5,951 | < 0.001 |
| No | 8988 (88.0) | 4020 (89.6) | 4968 (86.5) | |
| Yes | 1573 (12.0) | 590(10.4) | 983 (13.5) | |
| Total sleep duration, h | 7.0 ± 0.0 | 7.0 ± 0.0 | 7.0 ± 0.0 | 0.529 |
| Weekend catch-up sleep duration, h | 0.8 ± 0.0 | 0.9 ± 0.0 | 0.7 ± 0.0 | 0.001 |
| Weekday sleep duration, h | 6.8 ± 0.0 | 6.8 ± 0.0 | 6.8 ± 0.0 | 0.689 |
| Weekend sleep duration, h | 7.6 ± 0.0 | 7.6 ± 0.0 | 7.5 ± 0.0 | 0.022 |
| Fasting glucose, mg/dL | 99.9 ± 0.3 | 102.2 ± 0.4 | 97.5 ± 0.3 | < 0.001 |
| TG, mg/dL | 129.3 ± 1.4 | 150.9 ± 2.3 | 107.7 ± 1.1 | < 0.001 |
| HDL cholesterol, mg/dL | 52.2 ± 0.2 | 48.3 ± 0.2 | 56.1 ± 0.2 | < 0.001 |
| TG/HDL ratio | 2.8 ± 0.0 | 3.5 ± 0.1 | 2.2 ± 0.0 | < 0.001 |