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. 2025 Jul 3;15:23782. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-05585-x

Table 1.

Classification metrics for different combinations of models.

Feature
extractor
Classifier Accuracy Precision Recall F1-score
VGG16 XGBoost 0.87 0.86 0.86 0.85
MLP 0.82 0.82 0.80 0.81
RF 0.81 0.81 0.80 0.80
SVM 0.74 0.76 0.73 0.72
Inception V3 SVM 0.88 0.86 0.87 0.87
MLP 0.79 0.79 0.79 0.78
RF 0.78 0.78 0.79 0.78
XGBoost 0.77 0.77 0.78 0.77
ResNet50 RF 0.76 0.75 0.75 0.74
MLP 0.75 0.75 0.74 0.73
SVM 0.70 0.70 0.69 0.68
XGBoost 0.70 0.69 0.69 0.68

Bold values refer to the combination of classifier which have better performance.