Effect of [Na+]o on motility initiation. Motility was assessed as follows: 0, no motility; 1+, <25% motility; 2+, 25–50% motility; 3+, 50–75% motility; 4+, >75% motility. (A) Motility initiation in 1/2 NaF is inhibited with increasing [Na+]o. At >25 mM [Na+]o, motility was significantly inhibited (P < 0.05). (B) SMIF-induced motility was inhibited by increasing [Na+]o. A significant reduction in motility was observed at [Na+]o ≥ 350 mM (P < 0.05). Note that a higher concentration of Na+ was required to inhibit SMIF-induced motility vs. 1/2 NaF-induced motility.