Table 1.
Summary of the electrochemical performance of representative anode materials reported for KIB.
| Anodes | De-potassiation capacity/ Currenta |
ICEb | Rate capability/ Currentc |
Stabilityd | Electrolyte | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Graphite | ~263/28 | 57 | ~80/280 | ~50/50/140 | 0.8 M KPF6 in EC/DEC | [81] |
| Soft carbon | ~273/7 | n/a | ~140/1400 | ~81/50/560 | 0.8 M KPF6 in EC/DEC | [81] |
| MEG-1 | ~267/25 | 55 | ~50/1500 | ~80/100/100 | 0.5 M KPF6 in EC/DEC | [116] |
| MEG-2 | ~269/25 | 53 | ~48/1500 | ~72/200/100 | 0.5 M KPF6 in EC/DEC | [116] |
| MEG-3 | ~276/25 | 52 | ~88/1500 | ~79/200/100 | 0.5 M KPF6 in EC/DEC | [116] |
| NCNF-650 | ~368/25 | 50 | ~101/20000 | ~67/100/25 | 0.8 M KPF6 in EC/PC | [117] |
| NCNF-950 | ~297/25 | 38 | ~75/20000 | ~74/100/25 | 0.8 M KPF6 in EC/PC | [117] |
| NCNF-1100 | ~281/25 | 36 | ~25/20000 | ~77/100/25 | 0.8 M KPF6 in EC/PC | [117] |
| oe-MCS | ~210/50 | 27 | ~109/1000 | ~87/500/1000 | 1.0 M KFSI in EC/DEC | [118] |
| ce-MCS | ~145/50 | 27 | ~77/1000 | ~75/500/1000 | 1.0 M KFSI in EC/DEC | [118] |
| Red P@CN | ~655/100 | 59 | ~324/2000 | ~65/40/100 | 0.8 M KPF6 in EC/DEC | [124] |
| Sb@Cu₅Si NWs | ~557/50 | n/a | ~105/4000 | ~65/1250/200 | 4.0 M KFSI in DME | [125] |
| HD-Sb@Ti3C2T -G | ~558/100 | 89 | ~106/5000 | ~82/500/500 | 4.0 M KTFSI in EC/DEC | [126] |
| 3D SbNPs@C | ~461/200 | 70 | ~288/1000 | ~78/50/1000 | 0.8 M KPF6 in EC/DEC | [127] |
| c-silicene | ~180/10 | 33 | ~60/500 | ~100/3000/500 | 3.0 M KFSI in DME | [128] |
| a-FVO | ~360/100 | 48 | ~50/2000 | ~61/200/100 | 1.5 M KFSI in EC/DEC | [134] |
| Co₃O₄-Fe₃O₄/C | n/a | 54 | n/a | n/a | 0.75 M KPF6 in EC/DEC | [135] |
| a-Sb₂S₃@NSC | ~505/100 | 69 | ~225/2000 | ~86/50/200 | 4 M KFSI in EC/DEC | [136] |
| c-Sb₂S₃@NSC | ~502/100 | 60 | ~68/2000 | ~64/50/200 | 4 M KFSI in EC/DEC | [136] |
| CTMG | ~511/100 | n/a | ~234/2000 | ~75/800/1000 | 1 M KFSI in DME | [112] |
| CSNS/NCF | ~352/50 | 70 | ~226/2000 | ~95/50/200 | 0.8 M KPF6 in EC/DEC | [137] |
aDe-potassiation specific capacity and current are expressed in units of mA h g−1 and mA g−1, respectively.
bICE denotes the initial Coulombic efficiency and is expressed as a percentage (%).
cRate capability and current are reported in units of mA h g−1 and mA g−1, respectively.
dStability refers to capacity retention (%), number of cycles (cycle count), and current density (mA g−1).
n/a stands for ‘not available’ and indicates that the information was not provided.