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. 2025 Jul 4;26(1):156. doi: 10.1186/s10194-025-02100-5

Table 3.

Beliefs and reproductive concerns related to headache among the avoid pregnancy group versus the no impact group in the female sex

Total (n = 562) IQR (Q1-Q3) or % No impact group (n = 540, 96.1%) IQR (Q1-Q3) or % Avoid pregnancy group (n = 22, 3.9%) IQR (Q1-Q3) or % p values r or Cramer’s V
Number of children 2 2–2 2 2–2 1.5 1–2 < 0.001* −0.140
Headaches worsen during menstruation; yes 347 61.7% 330 61.1% 17 77.3% 0.284 0.067
Q1: My headaches would be worse during or just after pregnancy; yes 100 17.8% 96 17.8% 4 18.2% 0.892 0.006
Q2: Disability caused by headache makes pregnancy very difficult; yes 106 18.9% 92 17.0% 14 63.6% < 0.001* 0.259
Q3: Disability caused by headache makes raising a child very difficult; yes 114 20.3% 104 19.3% 10 45.5% < 0.001* 0.166
Q4: The headache medications I take would negatively affect my child’s development; yes 284 50.5% 267 49.4% 17 77.3% < 0.001* 0.140
Q5: Headache would cause my baby to have abnormalities at birth; yes 57 10.1% 57 10.6% 0 0% 0.133 0.067
Q6: I would pass on genes to my baby that increase the risk of my baby having headache; yes 319 56.8% 307 56.9% 12 54.5% 0.318 0.043

Abbreviations: IQR Interquartile range, Q1 First quartile, Q3 Third quartile, r Effect size for Mann-Whitney U test