Table 3.
Effect of normal, modified, co-composted Biochar on physiological attributes of sunflower under cadmium contaminated soil
| Cadmium | Amendment | Photosynthesis | Transpiration | Stomatal | Sub-stomatal | Relative water | Electrolyte | Chlorophyll Contents |
Water Use |
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| rate (A) | rate (E) | conductance (gs) | conductance (Ci) | content (RWC) | leakage (EL) | Efficiency (WUE) |
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| (mg kg−1) | (µmol m−2 s−1) | (mmol m−2 s−1) | (mmol m−2 s−1) | (µmol mol−1) | (%) | (%) | (mg cm−2) | (%) | |||||||||||||||||||||
| 0 | Control | 15.3 ± 0.87 | De | 3.91 ± 0.19 | de | 122 ± 3.33 | de | 210 ± 8.83 | Ef | 50.1 ± 2.32 | d | 5.83 ± 0.23 | Cd | 35 ± 1.9 | d | 2.11 ± 0.05 | ef | ||||||||||||
| Normal biochar | 19.9 ± 0.58 | Bc | 5.01 ± 0.2 | bc | 157 ± 4.54 | bc | 284 ± 9.91 | b-d | 61.5 ± 2.34 | bc | 3.36 ± 0.17 | Fg | 42 ± 1.27 | bc | 2.75 ± 0.08 | bc | |||||||||||||
| Modified biochar | 21.2 ± 0.98 | bc | 5.43 ± 0.24 | b | 174 ± 5.90 | b | 290 ± 11 | Bc | 65.1 ± 2.50 | b | 3.25 ± 0.15 | Fg | 44 ± 1.21 | b | 2.88 ± 0.06 | b | |||||||||||||
| Co-composted biochar | 26.1 ± 0.7 | A | 6.51 ± 0.25 | a | 202 ± 7.34 | a | 373 ± 13.1 | A | 76.6 ± 1.15 | a | 1.56 ± 0.12 | H | 53 ± 1.21 | a | 3.46 ± 0.07 | a | |||||||||||||
| 30 | Control | 11.7 ± 0.53 | F | 2.84 ± 0.1 | F | 91 ± 3.40 | f | 159 ± 7.51 | G | 36.5 ± 2.09 | e | 7.54 ± 0.22 | B | 28 ± 1.54 | ef | 1.6 ± 0.07 | g | ||||||||||||
| Normal biochar | 16 ± 0.54 | D | 3.9 ± 0.12 | de | 123 ± 4.34 | de | 227 ± 8.66 | Ef | 49.5 ± 2.38 | d | 4.90 ± 0.20 | De | 34 ± 1.33 | de | 2.24 ± 0.07 | de | |||||||||||||
| Modified biochar | 16.5 ± 0.54 | D | 4.24 ± 0.2 | cd | 140 ± 5.34 | cd | 235 ± 9.24 | De | 51.4 ± 2.41 | cd | 4.39 ± 0.17 | E | 37 ± 0.86 | cd | 2.45 ± 0.06 | cd | |||||||||||||
| Co-composted biochar | 21.9 ± 0.58 | B | 5.35 ± 0.2 | b | 170 ± 5.65 | b | 310 ± 9.82 | B | 62.6 ± 2.26 | b | 2.78 ± 0.12 | G | 45 ± 1.32 | b | 3.01 ± 0.04 | b | |||||||||||||
| 60 | Control | 8.02 ± 0.35 | G | 1.79 ± 0.16 | g | 60 ± 4.18 | g | 108 ± 6.14 | H | 22.3 ± 2.31 | f | 9.14 ± 0.25 | A | 16 ± 1.02 | g | 1.15 ± 0.06 | h | ||||||||||||
| Normal biochar | 11.8 ± 0.58 | F | 2.81 ± 0.2 | f | 91 ± 5.46 | f | 180 ±9.05 | Fg | 35.3 ± 1.25 | e | 6.40 ± 0.23 | C | 24 ± 1.37 | f | 1.73 ± 0.04 | g | |||||||||||||
| Modified biochar | 12.7 ± 0.64 | ef | 3.12 ± 0.25 | ef | 107 ± 6.77 | ef | 185 ± 10.1 | Fg | 37.2 ± 1.48 | e | 5.99 ± 0.16 | C | 26 ± 1.16 | f | 1.87 ± 0.08 | fg | |||||||||||||
| Co-composted biochar | 18.1 ± 0.45 | cd | 4.17 ± 0.22 | cd | 138 ± 7.13 | cd | 250 ± 12.1 | c-e | 49.7 ± 2.08 | d | 4.14 ± 0.12 | Ef | 36 ± 1.62 | cd | 2.5 ± 0.06 | cd | |||||||||||||
The values are mean ± S.E. (n = 3). Means sharing similar letter(s) in a column for each parameter do not differ significantly at P = 0.05