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. 2025 Jun 24;13:1603627. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2025.1603627

Table 2.

Associations between different levels of physical activity and three measures of cognitive function.

Cognitive function tests Model 1 Model 2 Model 3
OR 95% CI p-value OR 95% CI p-value OR 95% CI p-value
CERAD
No-PA Reference Reference Reference
Low-level PA 0.956 0.516, 1.769 0.881 1.092 0.616, 1.935 0.750 1.142 0.647, 2.019 0.610
Moderate-level PA 0.602 0.348, 1.042 0.068 0.702 0.407, 1.212 0.190 0.697 0.387, 1.254 0.197
High-level-PA 0.621 0.388, 0.994 0.047 0.807 0.501, 1.301 0.358 0.791 0.476, 1.314 0.323
AFT
No-PA Reference Reference Reference
Low-level-PA 0.571 0.364, 0.894 0.016 0.513 0.310, 0.850 0.032 0.566 0.333, 1.061 0.068
Moderate-level-PA 0.365 0.172, 0.775 0.011 0.400 0.179, 0.894 0.028 0.442 0.186, 1.053 0.062
High-level-PA 0.519 0.284, 0.949 0.034 0.670 0.361, 1.245 0.191 0.777 0.401, 1.508 0.412
DSST
No-PA Reference Reference Reference
Low-level-PA 0.738 0.505, 1.080 0.114 0.739 0.507, 1.079 0.110 0.784 0.503, 1.222 0.246
Moderate-level-PA 0.374 0.211, 0.664 0.002 0.422 0.232, 0.769 0.007 0.457 0.244, 0.853 0.020
High-level-PA 0.319 0.178, 0.571 <0.001 0.438 0.226, 0.850 0.017 0.478 0.240, 0.955 0.039

Model 1: unadjusted.

Model 2: adjusted for age, gender, race/ethnicity, education, marital, PIR.

Model 3: adjusted for Model 2 + HEI, BMI, smoke, drink, hypertension, CHD, stroke, depression.

BMI, body mass index; CHD, coronary heart disease; HEI, healthy eating index; PIR, poverty income ratio; PA, physical activity.