Table 4.

Out-of-sample performance in classification of the 27 bird species, compute time, and efficiency in estimation of ${\mathrm{\Omega }}_{\text{corr}}$, relative to a non-spatial JDSM model.

Method	Hmsc		SiMPA
Prior	non-spatial	NNGP	QMGP
$k$	≤ 10	5	4	4	10	10
Setting		m = 20	32 × 16	8 × 4	32 × 16	8 × 4
Avg. AUC	0.9349	0.9293	0.9565	0.9565	0.9728	0.9732
Time (minutes)	87.45	4245.02	4.08	43.10	9.27	187.24
ESS/s for elements of ${\mathrm{\Omega }}_{\text{corr}}$ (relative to Hmsc non-spatial)
min	1	10−4	0.57	0.02	0.05	0.01
median	1	0.012	2.12	0.33	0.86	0.05
mean	1	0.015	3.69	0.45	1.20	0.07
max	1	0.102	42.47	3.95	11.15	0.56