Table 3.

Intervention Types and Definitions.

Intervention Types
Psychoeducation	Psychoeducational interventions include educational programs with probable psychological components to improve coping and/or psychotherapeutic components. These interventions may include developing specific coping skills to deal with challenges in caregiving and group psychotherapy.
Counseling & psychotherapy	Counseling & psychotherapy interventions involve the implementation of specified forms of individual or group therapy or counseling. They are distinguished from psychoeducational programs in that they usually use professional psychologists or therapists as interventionists and place stronger emphasis on the development and utilization of the therapeutic relationship as part of the treatment process. Studies have usually used behavior therapy, cognitive therapy, and conventional CBT but newer theoretical orientations such as acceptance-commitment therapy are also included.
Training of the CR with caregiver involvement	These interventions involving direct training of the CR (e.g., reminiscence, cognitive stimulation, occupational therapy, exercise) while involving the caregiver as an integral part of the intervention (e.g., administering designated activity, providing direct supervision, or devising activities tailor-made for the CR.
Multicomponent	Multicomponent interventions include multiple intervention approaches, such as counseling, support groups, and respite, without any one being the dominating component. Programs that provide one type of intervention to the caregiver and another type to the CR simultaneously are also considered multicomponent interventions.
Mindfulness-based interventions	Mindfulness-based interventions include interventions focused on mindfulness, meditation, and yoga techniques in helping caregivers. Although they are not synonymous with each other, these interventions operate on similar principles and are grouped together. Note that mindfulness-based cognitive therapy is also considered to be a form of psychotherapy but is grouped under this category because of its similarity to other mindfulness approaches such as mindfulness-based stress reduction.
Support groups	These occur when arrangements are made to connect caregivers with one another so that they can provide support to each other in groups, which may or may not be facilitated by program staff.
Respite/Day care	This category of interventions involves the provision of short-term breaks from caregiving. With a goal of promoting caregiver rest and reducing caregiver stress, these interventions may involve in-home care and adult day care centers.
Care coordination & case management	Health care or allied health professionals act to increase access to services, match services to caregiver/CR preferences and needs, and coordinate services to avoid duplication and unnecessary utilizations. Unlike the above, the emphasis is not on the introduction of a direct intervention program but on the improvement of existing service delivery.
Miscellaneous	This category consists of a range of programs that cannot be readily classified into the above categories and which cannot form stand-alone categories themselves because of the small number of studies. Examples are physical exercise for caregivers, communication training, spiritual care, decision-making training, and various complementary/alternative therapies.

Adapted from Cheng et al. (2020).