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. 2025 Jul 9;33:122. doi: 10.1186/s13049-025-01437-9

Table 2.

Major trauma patients, by mode of transport

Road Transport n = 14,315 HEMS Transport n = 1,154
Adj. Odds Ratio
(95% CI)
p-value Adj. Odds Ratio
(95% CI)
p-value
Sex
 Male ref. - ref. -
 Female 2.19 (1.72–2.80) < 0.001 2.723 (1.40–5.28) 0.003
Age Categories (years)
 16–25 ref. - ref. -
 26–35 0.80 (0.68–0.94) 0.009 1.07 (0.62–1.87) 0.78
 36–45 0.76 (0.64–0.89) 0.001 0.76 (0.45–1.28) 0.30
 46–55 0.58 (0.49–0.7) < 0.001 0.74 (0.44–1.25) 0.27
 56–65 0.40 (0.33–0.48) < 0.001 0.97 (0.51–1.83) 0.93
 66–75 0.36 (0.29–0.48) < 0.001 0.79 (0.34–1.86) 0.60
 76–85 0.31 (0.25–0.38) < 0.001 0.76 (0.32–1.75) 0.52
 > 85 0.26 (0.19–0.34) < 0.001 1.19 (0.35–3.97) 0.77
Interaction: Sex x Age (years)
 Male ref -
 Female x 16–25 ref. -
 Female x 26–35 0.78 (0.54–1.11) 0.17 -
 Female x 36–45 0.61 (0.42–0.89) 0.010 -
 Female x 46–55 0.55 (0.38–0.79) 0.001 -
 Female x 56–65 0.47 (0.33–0.68) < 0.001 -
 Female x 66–75 0.46 (0.32–0.67) < 0.001 -
 Female x 76–85 0.42 (0.32–0.67) < 0.001 -
 Female x > 85 0.48 (0.32–0.72) < 0.001 -
ISS 1.03 (1.03–1.04) < 0.001 1.05 (1.04–1.07) < 0.001
Cause
 Low Fall ref. - ref.
 Motor vehicle 0.70 (0.58–0.83) < 0.001 1.14 (0.34–3.78) 0.81
 High Fall 0.54 (0.46–0.64) < 0.001 0.50 (0.13–1.89) 0.31
 Motorcycle 0.69 (0.56–0.84) < 0.001 1.37 (0.4–4.6) 0.61
 Pedestrian 0.97 (0.81–1.16) 0.77 1.55 (0.44–5.35) 0.48
 Bicycle 0.36 (0.28–0.46) < 0.001 0.46 (0.1–2.07) 0.31
 Struck (person or object) 0.92 (0.75–1.12) 0.42 1.09 (0.27–4.34) 0.89
 Cutting/Piercing/Gunshot 2.71 (2.17–3.38) < 0.001 3.64 (0.97–13.6) 0.05
 Other 0.78 (0.62–0.99) 0.043 1.44 (0.41–5.08) 0.56
 Thermal 0.97 (0.61–1.23) 0.45 1.81 (0.44–7.32) 0.40
Entrapment
 No ref - ref -
 Yes 1.23 (1.03–1.45) 0.019 1.39 (0.91–2.12) 0.12
Distance Isochrone (km)
 0–10 ref. - -
 11–20 1.20 (1.07–1.36) 0.002 -
 21–30 1.18 (1.02–1.37) 0.022 -
 31–40 1.16 (0.97–1.39) 0.09 ref.
 41–50 0.78 (0.62–0.99) 0.046 0.81 (0.54–1.22) 0.33
 51–60 1.01 (0.75–1.36) 0.92 0.98 (0.65–1.49) 0.95
 61–70 1.17 (0.91–1.51) 0.20 0.62 (0.38-1.0) 0.05
Primary Hospital Level
 MTS (Level 1) ref. - -
 MeTS/RTS (Level 2) 0.82 (0.71–0.94) 0.007 -
 MCPS/USS (Level 3) 0.56 (0.39–0.82) 0.003 -
Time Periods (minutes)
 Response Time 0.99 (0.99-1.00) 0.44 1.00 (0.99-1.00) 0.62
 Scene Time 1.00 (1.00-1.01) < 0.001 1.01 (1.00-1.01) 0.001
 Transport Time 0.98 (0.98–0.99) < 0.001 1.00 (0.98–1.01) 0.76
LSI Fundamental 1
 No ref. - ref.
 Yes 1.42 (1.2–1.68) < 0.001 1.47 (0.42–5.11) 0.54
LSI Advanced 2
 No ref. - ref.
 Yes 2.01 (1.69–2.39) < 0.001 0.94 (0.66–1.35) 0.77
Severe Injury
 Chest
 No ref. - ref.
 Yes 1.10 (1.00-1.22) 0.044 1.10 (0.78–1.56) 0.56
 Abdomen/Pelvis
 No ref. - ref.
 Yes 1.66 (1.43–1.93) < 0.001 0.74 (0.50–1.09) 0.12
 Head
 No ref. - ref.
 Yes 0.59 (0.53–0.67) < 0.001 0.66 (0.44–0.98) 0.043

(n.b. only 18 patients were transported by HEMS between 0–30 km, which have been excluded from the analysis)