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. 2025 Jul 5;21:1033–1044. doi: 10.2147/TCRM.S527262

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© 2025 Xie et al.

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Comparison of indicators of the analgesic efficacy between the two groups. (A). Oxycodone Consumption; (B). Probability of FAS A/B after 1 bolus; (C). NRS score for pain at Rest; (D) NRS of pain when coughing.

Notes: Compared with T1 in the same group, #P <0.05; compared with Group C at the same time point, *P <0.05, **P <0.01, ***P<0.001.

Abbreviations: Group E, S-ketamine group; Group C, control group; POD 1, postoperative 0–24 h; POD 2; postoperative 24–48 hours; POD 3: postoperative 48–72 hours; T1, postoperative hour 2; T2, postoperative hour 6; T3, postoperative hour 12; T4, postoperative hour 24; T5, postoperative hour 48; T6, postoperative hour 72.