Table 1.
Demographic and Clinical Characteristics at Baseline
| Group E (n = 99) | Group C (n = 103) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, mean (SD), y | 65.6 (6.5) | 66.9 (7.2) | 0.202 |
| Gender | 0.481 | ||
| Men, n (%) | 77 (77.8) | 85 (82.5) | |
| Women, n (%) | 22 (22.2) | 18 (17.5) | |
| BMI, mean (SD), kg/m2 | 22.8 (2.7) | 23.5 (3.2) | 0.101 |
| ASA status, n (%) | 0.517 | ||
| I | 22 (22.2) | 27 (26.2) | |
| II | 77 (77.8) | 76 (73.8) | |
| Comorbidity, n (%) | |||
| Hypertension | 62 (62.6) | 55 (53.4). | 0.202 |
| DM | 13 (13.1) | 19 (18.4) | 0.339 |
| CAD | 8 (8.1) | 5 (4.9) | 0.401 |
| Anemia | 8 (8.1) | 4 (3.9) | 0.244 |
| NRS 2002 score ≥ 3 | 21 (21.2) | 20 (19.4) | 0.861 |
| Smoking, n (%) | 0.202 | ||
| Non-smoker | 48 (48.5) | 63 (61.2) | |
| Current smoker | 51 (51.5) | 40 (38.8) | |
| Drinking, n (%) | 0.078 | ||
| Non-drinker | 58 (58.6) | 73 (70.9) | |
| Current drinker | 41 (41.4) | 30 (29.1) | |
| Type of procedure, n (%) | 0.382 | ||
| Ivor-Lewis | 82 (82.8) | 80 (77.7) | |
| McKeown | 17 (17.2) | 23 (22.3) | |
| Duration of anesthesia, median (IQR), min | 370.0 (336.0–445.5) | 356.0 (317.5–416.0) | 0.114 |
| Sufentanil dose, median (IQR), μg | 35.0 (30.0–40.0) | 35.0 (30.0–40.0) | 0.861 |
| Remifentanil dose, median (IQR), mg | 1.0 (1.0–1.3) | 1.0 (1.0–1.4) | 0.884 |
Notes: Data are presented as mean (standard deviation), number (percentage), or median (interquartile range).
Abbreviations: Group E, S-ketamine group; Group C, control group; BMI: body mass index; ASA: American Society of Anesthesiologists; DM: diabetes mellitus; CAD: coronary artery disease; Anemia: moderate or severe anemia with hemoglobin < 90g/L; NRS 2002 score: the preoperative nutritional risk screening score which was used to assess the risk of malnutrition (≥ 3); Current drinker: patient consumed 4 or more drinks per week. 1 glass is defined as 12 ounces of beer, 5 ounces of wine, or 1.5 ounces of liquor (about 14 grams of alcohol);11 Ivor-Lewis procedure: two-incision minimally invasive esophagectomy through abdominal and right thoracic incision; McKeown procedure: Three-incision minimally invasive esophagectomy through abdominal, right thoracic and neck incisions; SD: standard deviation; IQR: interquartile range.